Figure 1. Survivorship curves plotted on a log 10 scale of a cohort born before 1860 from the Millersville Mennonite Church, Millersville, PA. Survivorship between both females and males of the population dropped sharply between the first and second age class, then decreased slowly until reaching age class 80-89. The males of the population had a higher survivorship than the females over several age classes. Figure 2. The values of dx, the proportion of the cohort that died in each age class. There is a very high proportion that died from both sexes in age class 0-9, indicating high infant mortality. Thereafter, the proportions steadily decreased for the females as there were fewer individuals that remained alive. The proportion of males …show more content…
The population represented consists of wealthy, predominantly white, Mennonites of the area. Many life history characteristics are revealed through the data collected at the cemetery. For instance, the survivorship curves on a log 10 scale of the males and females of the population fit a type I survivorship curve. A type I survivorship curve indicates that individuals of the population experience high survival until later in life (Ricklefs & Relyea, 2014). Therefore, populations that fit a type I survivorship curve experience low mortality early in life then experience high mortality later in life (Ricklefs & Relyea, 2014). For this particular population, females and males experienced a sharp decline in survivorship when they reached 80-89 years of age. In addition, males tend to have a higher survivorship than females in several age classes, indicating females died at younger ages relative to males. In addition, Figure 2 shows that the highest proportion (about 33%) of the cohort that died for both females and males was in the age class 0-9 years. This reflects the high infant mortality of the time period, as few children made it to adulthood (Preston & Haines, 1991). About 13% of females died in the age class 10-19 compared to 6% of males. This reflects the how many women during this time period experienced high mortality due to complications with childbirth (Preston & Haines, 1991). Approximately 54% of females of the cohort died when they reached 20-29 years old, whereas 57% of males died by 30-39 years. Furthermore, Figure 3 reflects the difficulty the population faced surviving childhood and how the intensity of mortality increased as the population reached age class
Volume III: P-Z. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1971. Print. The. James, Edward, Janet James, and Paul Boyer. Notable American Women, 1607-1950.
In The Kingdom of Matthias by Johnson and Wilentz, the authors clearly show the significance that the historical events had on the larger economic, social, and religious changes occurring in the United States during the 1820s and 1830s. Both social hierarchy and gender played a large role in the changes during that time period. The effect of the large differences in gender roles exhibited in the The Kingdom of Matthias is still visible and relevant in America’s society today.
What I found in the process of my observation and interview was that my hypothesis on social change and survival was greatly influenced by my own secular and scientific world view. I had also underplayed the importance of certain key ideas which help to explain Amish cultural ideologies, Amish survival, Amish social change, and dynamics. I found that religion, more than I had assumed, played a crucial role in Amish survival in America. The Amish family, I also found, contributed to the rate of Social Change. Prosperity, to my surprise, played a greater part in social change than I had previously thought. In addition, I was able to establish the accuracy of other research information on Amish society that I had collected and observed.
Web. The Web. The Web. 26 Jan 2011. http://www.nationalhomeless.org/factsheets/families.html>.
NY: Oxford UP, 1970. xvi + 201 p. Ill.: 15 photos (btw. 108-09). Appendix: demographic tables (191-94). Bibliographical footnotes, index (195-201). ISBN: 0195128907 (1999 ed.)
One universal aspect of life in early Virginia, no matter one’s age, socioeconomic status, or gender, was suffering. Attacks from
“Life Cycle of Common Man” is broken up into three major parts. The first is a recap of the typical 50’s man.
Porcha Petteway was an African American female and devoted Christian with many accomplishments in her lifetime. An autobiography has been written detailing what life was like for her with an emphasis in her senior years. It is the year 2084 and Porcha Petteway has passed away at the age of 100. Up until the day she passed Porcha was married to her husband for 73 years. They had two children together both girls. The life event of marriage allowed her to obtain many financial resources than those of the single population. Being married allowed Porcha to participate in private pension plans due to their lifetime income being combined and much higher than usual. She was able to live a life full of greater satisfaction as an advantage of being married. As Porcha entered old age her family structure remained rich, certain, close and tight knit. She had an unp...
Life was good again and order had been restored to the society. Because people were financially stable, families grew larger; women and men married at earlier ages, had more children and moved to the suburbs. This caused a suburban boom. Marriage rates increased drastically and divorce rates plumped. Marriage was a “fifty-fifty deal” housewives were respected and had an equal say in decision making. Flexible parenting was encouraged; there was no absolute way to raise a child. A child that had been nurtured with love—especially maternal love—reason and good parental example would grow to become a decent member of
Family life in the 1700's was highly valued and prioritized. Back in those times families were extremely large in size. There was much inter-marriages from generation to generation, Therefore, everyone in a community was most likely related to each other. Because of these extreme connections between communities, visiting fellow family members was very popular. Many of these visits were informal and prolonged. Out of everyone in a family, the women usually corresponded the most with other relatives. The lack of decently designed roads and great distances made the matter of traveling very important in social activities. In addition, the family was looked upon as a unit of production and enterprise. Most families in the 1700's contained usually twenty to thirty people. These large numbers were due to the fact that the families were extended. Every relative lived together, even if they were distant relatives. Families with ten or twelve children were common and those with twenty or twenty-five children were not regarded as abnormal. But, usually not all the children survived. Typically, four in ten children dies before they reached the age of sixteen.
Specht, N. J. (2003). Women of one or many bonnets?: Quaker women and the role of religion in trans-Appalachian settlement. NWSA Journal, 15(2), 27. Retrieved from http://bluehawk.monmouth.edu:2048/?url=/docview/233238105?accountid=12532
The closing case in chapter 1 points us to a shift in the worldwide demographics. When looking at population pyramid, there has been a shift from the traditional pyramid of a country’s age distribution, to pyramids that are starting to look more like diamonds or rectangles. This is caused by lower birth rates and an increase in life expectancy. The change in both birth rates and life expectancy can mainly be attributed to an increase in urbanization and education levels. Further, low birth rates and high life expectancy has also led to a decrease in the country’s population leaving a larger portion of the population over the age of 65.
Derryberry , M., & Van Buskirk, E. (1936). HealthThe Significance of Infant Mortality Rates. Public Health Reports (1896-1970), 51(18), 545-551. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/4581821
1. A cemetery was visited and data was collected from at least 100 different gravestones (find 50 males and 50 females). the gender and the age at death were noted.
Many people are needed to reap a field when the crops are ready. Therefore, many children must be born. The birth rates in third world cultures are very high as a result. Males are obviously preferred. Because of the...