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Media and its impact on politics
The effect media has on politics
The effect media has on politics
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Stephen D. Reese, from the book Framing Public Life, states that framing is power that has effects on our understanding of the political world. He further explains that framing is useful in understanding the media’s role in political life. The framing tool is useful because a particular media outlet or news source, such as a radio host, perhaps doesn’t fully mean what they say and is just voicing it because they have an audience. Intent doesn’t matter as much as extent, according to Reese. If someone were to continue to explain what they mean by a particular frame it then becomes normal for not only them but the public. Although that same person isn’t thinking about the terms of those frames people still come to believe it, which can be cause
one cannot speak of a public sphere in the Middle Ages, but rather an existence of a so-called
Many times we hear things through media and don’t actually listen to what they may say. When people hear something through mass media, they don’t realize that there is a person’s point of view stated in the story. And many times what people don’t see is that there is no such thing as an objective point of view. This is called Rhetoric; when someone states their point of view using words that either sway an audiences opinions one way or another. Rhetoric can be found in many places such as a T.V add or a commercial, magazine articles and advertisements, the news, and even radio commercials.
In Plato’s republic, a philosophical account on the kallipolis (the beautiful city) is built on the perspective of Socrates and his discussion between his companions. In the republic, the city in which ones live in depends on the soul and the character of the city one lives in. In this paper the character of human nature and politics will be discussed in how a city is ought to be by the influence of human nature and politics. Firstly, the influence of human nature on politics will be looked at, for example according to Plato on behalf of Socrates; he claims that a just soul creates a just society, where it is human nature to be just, that influences in creating a just political system. Secondly, politics influences human nature, where in the republic when the discussion of guardians starts out between Socrates and the companions, there is political thought discussed between them, where Socrates wants to create the perfect guardians through specific training in all types of skills instituted to creating a perfect protector. Lastly, human nature is human soul if the soul is just the city is going to be just. It is the human nature which has created communities without any political thought put in place; it political thought that forms rules and laws. Thus, human nature is part of the individual understanding of its society that creates an understanding of how one ought to be, which in turns creates rules and laws that is essentially viewed as politics.
The mainstream model of liberal journalism believes that it’s practices result in stories that are an accurate reflection of reality, journalist believe they simply hold a mirror up to society (Louw, 2010). In constructing a story, spin team must have an insight on how the society believe nowadays, and it’s not only to just follow that believe, but give society an option to consider another belief. Therefore the spin team need to understand their audience first, what is the best tool they can use as a strategy, how to talk with those audience, generate comprehensive media knowledge and the ability to spin current perspective. The public relations / spin industry is geared to planting stories in the media by using journalists to disseminate stories serving the spin doctors agenda (Louw, 2010). Nowadays, in developing a campaign, the role of spin team is very powerful. It’s not about how well the messages received to the public or remembered but becoming a share worthy and meaningful messages that shows empathy as well as emotionally attached with everyone. The Dove “real beauty” campaign shows a successful role of spin team, the...
In conclusion, these two articles framed the Tennessee Coal Ash Spill in two distinct ways, one pro-environmentalism and other is drive for profit for corporation. Framing is a way for the news to speak in more than one voice (Schudson, 2003, pg 37). These articles show how you can see one event in contrasting perspective. These articles are voiced by different people Pictures also help in framing in news media. “Images representing a particular meaning” (Hansen, 2010, pg 3). The pictures helped understand what the article was trying to address. The picture itself can tell you where the articles stands. Framing is what the news media wants to shows us and this can be shown in any way the media wants to.
The report posits that the media defends its adherence to certain standards using the readers and audience in general as the frame of reference. For instance, bias in reporting causes the passage of inaccurate information to the reader(s). Arguing against the claims of bias and inaccuracy, the media industry, for example, the News Limited used the audience as defense stating that such allegations were an insult to the public. However, in support of the Inquiry finding, Finkelstein argues that the public expects accurate and non-misleading information. Tiffen (2012) supports the argument by suggesting that though the public can interpret and make its mind, misleading and inaccurate information influences their thinking. The media has the responsibility to meet the expectations of the reader(s) or audience by delivering meaningful, accurate and impartial
Scheufele and Tewksbury (2007) shows that “media framing is constructed on the concept of how an issue is portrayed in newspapers can have an influence about the way audience receives the message of the story.” Thus “macro construct, the term ‘framing’ refers to modes of presentation that journalists and other communicators use to present information in a way that resonates with existing underlying schemas among their audience” (Scheufele & Tewksbury, 2007, p. 12) The reason for this is because it is a relevant article for the local population. In addition, the population will form its own impression about the signified. The newspaper did just that. The journalist framing focus is to show there is a direct disconnect between the lower enlisted police officer and the upper echelon. In addition, there is a shedding of the former “racist, tyrannical” Police officer perception and the oppressed public.
The most recent full explication of frames and framing effects comes from Bertram and Dietram Scheufele (2010), and serves to define what frames are, what they do, how they do it, and where they come from. However, it is lacking a predictive model for when effects will occur. Adding this level to the framing model will greatly expand the ability of researchers to accurately measure the effects of framing on individual cognitions and will at least in part fulfil the call of Scheufele and Scheufele (2010) to integrate disparate sociological and psychological theories into our understanding of framing (p. 131). This literature synthesis draws upon recent research to show that the occurrence of framing effects may be dependent upon the processing strategy utilized by the message receiver (Stewart, 2013).
Being that respondents may feel pressured to give a popular answer and respondents not giving accurate responses in their true beliefs, these polls can easily become questionable. For example, people may be reluctant to admit their true beliefs on sensitive issues like same-sex marriage, which may not reflect the true measure of opinions of the population. But the inaccuracy of these polls can easily be prevented by the proper requirements being met. All in all opinion polls are very influential. Which brings me to priming and framing. Priming is bringing an issue to the attention of the public while keeping other issues salient. Priming is an important concept in the media effects as it influences people in decision making. For example, a person who is unaware of what’s going on in the elections will base their decision on the information the media has provided when choosing a candidate. Framing is the media’s way of influencing how the people interpret information on certain policies and events. Framing is commonly used by advertisers to present information to the audience, to see how they will interpret the
Obliviously for many, effects of “framing a discourse” could be done through non – verbal medium, such as babies, puppies or pets. At times, people may even discharge their intentions through different medium unconsciously without prior planning. This method is known as “ventriloquizing”, in which one party attempts to convey meanings of a message to another party, through a non-speaking third party by animating another’s voice i.e. “baby talk”. Ventriloquizing technique is utilized at times to achieve certain objectives such as (1) Provision of justification or explanation (2) emphasis on the lessons learnt (3) indirect criticism or praising (4) drawing attention from the receiver and others. Whatever the objectives, ventriloquizing makes good use of humour and teasing to “sugar-coat” the messages, removing the element of hostility perceived. Before I proceed further to elaborate on samples of ventriloquizing, I would like readers to have a clear mind on the concept of “framing” and “meta-information”.
The public sphere can be characterized in basic form as an artificially constructed social space in which differing opinions, concerns and solutions can be expressed on a public level as a means of influencing political action. It is in a sense the social space where all citizens can engage in political participation and form public opinion, and has become an integral part of democratic theory. The public sphere is the central realm for societal communication that enables citizens to hold state powers accountable for their actions. While non-democratic societies may have spaces that are in a sense public as well as opportunities for the citizenry to express opinions and ideas to rest of the population, the concept of the public sphere has a distinct political aspect where democracy is necessitated for its existence. Put another way, a public sphere can only truly be a public sphere if it grants an opportunity to influence or even participate in the governance of its society.
The “public sphere” came from the German word, Öffentlichkeit, translated as “the public”, or the aggregates of speakers and listeners and “the publicness”, or the “state of being publicly visible and subject to scrutiny by the public” (Wessler & Freudenthaler, 2011). The concept of the public sphere has been applied to political and cultural communication that can be both a descriptive and normative connotation (para 1). According Habermas,the most prominent theorist of the public sphere, it is a “virtual or imaginary community which does not necessarily exist in any identifiable space”. But, in its ideal form, it is "made up of private people gathered together as a public and articulating the needs of society
What is politics? Throughout history, people have participated in politics on many different levels. They may have participated through a direct democracy, in which they directly governed, or they may have participated through a representative democracy, in which they participated by electing representatives. As citizens’, people have participated in politics to attain the things they needed or wanted, the valued things. Participation in politics has been the way that people have a voice and change the things that directly affect their lives. Throughout the course of history, politics has been the competition of ideas; they decide who gets what, when, where and how.
As a result of the creation of agenda-setting and framing appears the concept priming “refers to the effects of the content of the media on people’s later behavior or judgements related to the content”
...r attention on selected issues on which the public will form opinions on (McCombs). Framing is an important factor by allowing the media to select certain aspects about the problem and then make them appear more important in the text, which results in enhancing the meaning or interpretation of the situation (Scheufele). Last, but not least, priming also played an important role in shaping public opinion. Priming works as the media repeatedly exposed certain issues in the public viewers. The more exposure an issue gets, the more likely an individual will recall or retain the information in their minds. With these three factors played out systemically the media, our opinions are constantly being influence and shape by them. As quoted by Walter Lippman, “what we know about the world is largely based on what the media decide to tell us” (McCombs).