Structure of NTFS
The NTFS file system is used in all critical Microsoft Windows systems. It is an advanced file system that makes it different from the UNIX file systems that the original TCT was designed for. This document gives a quick overview of NTFS and how it was implemented. The biggest difference is the use of Alternate Data Streams (ADS) when specifying a meta data structure.
MFT
The Master File Table (MFT) contains entries that describe all system files, user files, and directories. The MFT even contains an entry (#0) that describes the MFT itself, which is how we determine its current size. Other system files in the MFT include the Root Directory (#5), the cluster allocation map, Security Descriptors, and the journal.
MFT ENTRIES
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The user files and directories start at MFT #25. The MFT entry contains a list of attributes. Example attributes include "Standard Information" which stores data such as MAC times, "File Name" which stores the file or directories name(s), $DATA which stores the actual file content, or "Index Alloc" and "Index Root" which contain directory contents stored in a B-Tree.
Each type of attribute is given a numerical value and more than one instance of a type can exist for a file. The "id" value for each attribute allows one to specify an instance. A given file can have more than one "$Data" attribute, which is a method that can be used to hide data from an investigator. To get a mapping of attribute type values to name, use the 'fsstat' command. It displays the contents of the $AttrDef system file.
Each attribute has a header and a value and an attribute is either resident or non-resident. A resident attribute has both the header and the content value stored in the MFT entry. This only works for attributes with a small value (the file name for example). For larger attributes, the header is stored in the MFT entry and the content value is stored in Clusters in the data area. A Cluster in NTFS is the same as FAT, it is a consecutive group of sectors. If a file has too many different attributes, an "Attribute List" is used that stores the other attribute
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2. $FILE_NAME Contains the file name in UNICODE, as well as additional MAC times, and the MFT entry of the parent directory.
3. $OBJECT_ID Identifiers regarding the files original Object ID, its birth Volume ID, and Domain ID.
4. $DATA The raw content data of the file.
When a file is deleted, the IN_USE flag is cleared from the MFT entry, but the attribute contents still exist.
Hard Disk Drive (HDD) - Hard drives can store very large amounts of data ranging from 200GB – 1TB. A hard drive is made up of a magnetic disk that consists of a number of platters/disks that are coated in a magnetic material that rotate at 7200 RPM. The data is encoded into bits and written into the disks as a series of changes in the direction of the magnetic pull, and then the data is read by detecting the changes in direction on the
Once the user is authenticated, the Data XML is read. The location of Data XML is specified in Command XML.
data inside documents as well as to files and folders, and can also call up
T F 8. Style attributes include fonts and font sizes, number formats, and borders and
DFS guarantees clients all functionality all the time when clients are connected to the system. By replicating files and spreading them into different nodes, DFS gives us a reliability of the whole file system. When one node has crash, it can service the client with another replica on different node. DFS has a reliable communication by using TCP/IP, a connection-oriented protocols. Once a failure occurred, it can immediately detect it and set up a new connection. For the single node storage, DFS uses RAID (Redundant Array of Inexpensive/Independent Disks) to prevent hard disk drive failure by using more hard disk, uses journal technique or strategy to prevent inconsistency state of the file system, and uses an UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply) to allow the node to save all critical data.
Firstly, the system administrator creates roles (R1, R2.., Rn), then hosts (H1, H2…., Hn) and Storage (S1, S2.., Sn). after that Hosts are assigned to different roles. There is a many-to many relationship between hosts and roles. A Single host is assigned to multiple roles and multiple hosts are assigned to a single role.Table1 shows which host is assigned to which role.
TSK includes 21 command line utilities. In order to ease the orientation for TSK users the utilities are named in a manner that helps users who are familiar with UNIX and the Linux command line. The name of the tools consists of two parts. There is a prefix that indicates the level of the filesystem at which the tool operates. The suffix provides information on the output that can be expected. Further, there are two layers that do not exactly match the filesystem model (Altheide & Carvey, 2011):
These are some of the attributes which are added in the ECS 2 with the interface.
the usual folder. It determines the way we frame everything . . . the attitude
Objects are the specific items being catalogued in AD DS. Common objects found in a directory are users, computers, printers, folders, and even files. These objects are grouped into containers, usually organizational units, which in turn are grouped into higher order containers themselves. An object is made up of a collection of attributes which are key-value pairs of information. An example of an attribute key would be "Given Name," and every object in the directory would have a different value for that attribute. AD DS is dynamic and extensible, which means that not all objects share the same attributes, and as an administrator we can
As the internet is becoming faster and faster, an operating system (OS) is needed to manage the data in computers. An Operating system can be considered to be a set of programed codes that are created to control hardware such as computers. In 1985 Windows was established as an operating system and a year earlier Mac OS was established, and they have dominated the market of the computer programs since that time. Although, many companies have provided other operating systems, most users still prefer Mac as the most secured system and windows as it provides more multiple functions. This essay will demonstrate the differences between windows
Many soft wares and tools were developed to help in storing, retrieving and processing the data, some examples of these tools
"Although fully searchable text could, in theory, be retrieved without much metadata in the future, it is hard to imagine how a complex or multimedia digital object that goes into storage of any kind could ever survive, let alone be discovered and used, if it were not accompanied by good metadata" (Abby Smith). Discuss Smith's assertion in the context of the contemporary information environment
We put all of the data onto the platters. They are inside of the hard
must be maintained in perfect order, so that any file may be located promptly by