Streptococcus equi equi
Introduction
Streptococcus equi equi is small non-motile, translucent cocci found in chains or pairs bacterium. It is commonly known as strangles. Strangles is one of the most common worldwide and highly contagious infectious respiratory diseases affecting horses, mules, and donkeys.
Aside from inside of carrier horses, Streptococcus equi equi have the ability to live in the environment for four weeks. The survival of Streptococcus equi equi depends on the humidity and temperature of the environment. Strangles has the ability to survive in water sources that are out of direct sunlight, however when in direct sunlight survivability of strangles goes down. Strangles is more commonly seen in young horses under the
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The lymph nodes become hard and very painful, and obstruct breathing. Seven to fourteen days into the disease the lymph nodes will burst or can be lanced, releasing heavily contaminated thick pus with the Streptococcus equi. Once the lymph nodes have ruptured, the horse will recover rapidly. Older horses that have residual immunity may develop an atypical or catarrhal form of strangles with a cough, nasal discharge, and fever. Metastatic strangles or bastard strangles is the spread of the abscesses of other lymph nodes throughout the body, especially in the abdomen. Though it can cause brain abscesses, which can rupture and cause sudden death.
The way to make a diagnosis of strangles is by detection of Streptococcus equi DNA using a polymerase chain reaction test or to culture the pus from the lymph nodes, nose, or throat of the infected horses. The bacterial culture reveals neutrophilic leukocytosis, high elevation of white blood cells, and hyperfibrinogenemia, increased level of fibrinogen in the blood. Complex cases may require endoscopic examination of the upper respiratory tract, ultrasonographic examination of the retropharyngeal or radiographic examination of the skull to identify the extent of retropharyngeal abscesses. (Merck Manual
Carlton suffered an acute tissue injury on his foot after stepping on a sharp edge shell, which disrupted the layers of the skin. Immediately after an injury occurs, an inflammatory response begins, which serves to control and eliminate altered tissue/cells, microorganism, and antigens. This takes place in two phases. 1) The vascular phase, in which small vessels(arterioles, venules) at the site of injury undergo changes. Beginning, with
Whooping cough is a highly contagious and acute respiratory disease caused by an aerobic Gram negative encapsulated coco-bacillus bacterium, Bordetella pertussis. It is a strict human pathogen with no known animal or environmental reservoirs and an air-borne disease. On inhalation, Bordetella pertussis colonizes the ciliated cells of the bronchio-epithelium to cause disease characterised by; epithelial damage, hyper mucus secretion, pulmonary edema and paroxysmal coughing. It is often accompanied by pneumonia, otitis edema, seizures, post-tussive vomiting and encephalopathy (1).
Curious owners can throw this question to their chosen syndicate and find out. When a horse’s career ends, they are often sold and the owners divide the profits. Other times, they are sent off to stud. It all depends on what the collective decides on.
This pathogen, Streptococcus pneumoniae, is a gram-positive coccus that is long shaped and usually seen in groups of pairs (Todar, 2008-2012). This pathogen ranges from o.5-1.25 micrometers, which is pretty small in size (Todar, 2008-2012). It “lacks catalase and ferments glucose into lactic acid” (Todar, 2008-2012). To grow this bacterium in the lab the best way to do it would be to grow it on a blood agar at 37 degrees Celsius and produces a green zone arou...
his leg a number of times. The horse was tested and passed, but what the
L. pneumophila has a very wide range of effects. Healthy individuals usually go through an asymptomatic seroconversion, while less healthy people may undergo Pontiac Fever or Legionnaires’ Disease (LD). In 1968, employees at the county health department in Pontiac, Michigan came down with a fever, but the responsible pathogen was not identified at the time. It was frozen and later diagnosed as L. pneumophila. Pontiac Fever, being milder than LD, generally does not need treatment. Infected individuals will show fever, muscle aches, and headaches, and usually recover between 2-5 days. Pontiac Fever will present symptoms anywhere from a couple of hours to a couple of days after exposure, while LD takes 2-10 days to incubate. LD patients have fever, chills and a cough, with x-rays showing pneumonia. This more severe form usually prevails in elderly, cigarette smokers, people with chronic lung disease, or those who are immunocompromised, such as cancer or AIDS patients.
Life History and Characteristics: Staphylococcus aureus is a gram positive bacterium that is usually found in the nasal passages and on the skin of 15 to 40% of healthy humans, but can also survive in a wide variety of locations in the body. This bacterium is spread from person to person or to fomite by direct contact. Colonies of S. aureus appear in pairs, chains, or clusters. S. aureus is not an organism that is contained to one region of the world and is a universal health concern, specifically in the food handling industries.
Deficient diets result in weight loss in the horse. Alternate causes of weight loss are internal parasites and diseases. Excess energy intake causes obesity which stresses joints and reduces athletic ability. A horse in moderate physical condition is described as “Back level”. Ribs cannot be visually distinguished, but can be easily felt.
Most commonly, rheumatic fever occurs following a tonsillitis throat infection with Group A Streptococcus. It can also follow skin infections caused by the same organisms; this is especially the case for many indigenous Australians. The symptoms of rheumatic fever can take up to one month to develop following the initial infection. Rheumatic fever is an acute infection with an interesting pathogenesis. It is the result of the immune system producing antibodies to fight off the group A streptococcus infection. Rheumatic fever is a type-II hypersensitivity reaction, which means that the antibodies produced by the immune system bind to the antigens on the body’s own tissues and cause a response.
Tettelin, H., Nelson, K. E., Paulsen, I. T., Eisen, J. A., Read, T. D., Peterson, S., et al. (2001). Complete genome sequence of a virulent isolate of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Science. Retrieved from http://www.sciencemag.org/content/293/5529/498.short (Accessed December 12, 2013).
our everyday lives bacteria is constantly surrounding us, some of the bacterium that we encounter are beneficial to us but then there are the ones that are severely detrimental to our health. The way that they effect a persons body can differ from person to person. Many of the “microscopic foes” are very resilient and have a very fast reproduction rate. Not only do they reproduce quickly they sometimes seem to outsmart our immune system and not allow our bodies to fight the infection making it almost impossible to stop them. One thing that a lot if people rely on is the assistance of prescription drugs to get them better but even the drugs are not being effective and we can’t stop the pathogens from invading our personal places such as work, home, school, or anywhere. Even though modern medicine is advancing the pathogens could still get the get the best of us. The scary thing is we never know when the next pandemic or epidemic is going to arise. All it needs is some ordinary microbe to swap genes with a deadly germ to produce a “super pathogen” and it could happen to anyone, anywhere, as it did to Jeannie Brown who is from “our neck of the woods”.
Streptococcus pyogenes is a very common bacteria found in humans. It is very transmissible and can be caught through the air via coughing or sneezing. This form of Strep. illness is referred to as Streptococcal pharyngitis, also known as Strep. throat, which can complicate into Scarlet Fever. It is also possible to be infected through abrasions of the skin, which can result in cellulitis, impetigo, or even necrotizing fasciitis. Aside from human to human contact, these bacteria can also be found in unpasteurized milk. There is no vaccine for Streptococcal infections, though antibiotics such as penicillin still work very well against them.
... have a crop (small whip) or peg spurs. Both of these do not hurt the horse, but are uncomfortable, so they know they are doing something wrong.
However, as the systemic phase of the illness begins; characterized by fever, chills, malaise and headache, the bite wound becomes swollen and indurated and is often associated with regional adenopathy. The bite site may ulcerate and pregress to a chancre-like lesion. A macular violaceous rash may occur involving extremities, face, and trunk. Joint manifestations are rare. Laboratory studies reveal a leukocytosis and up to 50% of infected have a false-positive serologic test for syphilis. Without antimicrobial therapy, the fever abates over 3-5 days only to recur at regular intervals of 3-10 days. Although relapses have been described to occur for years, spontaneous resolution usually occurs in 1 to 2 months. Without treatment mortality is around
The primary stage of the infection is characterized by a chancer that presents as an ulcer in the anogenital area with an incubation period of nine-ninety days2. A chancer is a painless ulceration that forms where the original spirochete enters the broken skin or mucous membranes3. The lesions can also present on the lips, tongue, tonsils and nipples2. During the incubation period the T. pallidum can ...