Strain Hardening Behaviour of HCP,BCC,FCC Strain hardening is the additional stress required to cause slip in a material. It occurs when dislocations in a crystal interact with each other or when the dislocations observe hindrance in their motion. Either dislocations pile up at the barriers of slip plane of crystal or they intersect other dislocations. The latter can result in jogs which restrict its motion. Jogs readily occur in the cases of screw dislocations which cases to restrict the dislocation movement thus increasing strain hardening but not so in case pf edge dislocation. The strain hardening or work hardening behavior for FCC, BCC and HCP can be observed by taking the case of Iron, copper and magnesium where iron is BCC, copper is …show more content…
with increase in resolved shear strain there is no increase in resolved shear stress further. To understand this in the case of magnesium which is HCP, the c/a ratio is less (or deceases) in which the 12 slip systems present in the HCP act in the same manner hence demanding less strain. In the case of HCP, there exist total of 12 slip system pertaining to the basal plane packing (0001) being the close packed plane and three slip direction (-- removed HTML --) being the closed packed direction(generally slip occurs in along the plane which possesses high atomic density in close pack directions) making three systems, similarly 6 vertical ones and three more In {10 10}, adding to total 12 slip systems where hcp exhibits ductile material property only when operated on basal plane where the c/a ratio is important, possessing an average value of 1.632. So even when HCP materials exhibit brittle behavior, magnesium possessing less c/a ratio of 1.624 makes it ductile, thus less work hardening. Easy glide occurs here where the dislocations can move around in the crystal without encountering hindrances). Easy glide is favored mostly by slip on single system, high purity and low
The Yates’ unconventional standard of living along with the social belief that a woman’s role is to be the homemaker could have created anxiety and undue pressure on Andrea. Their pastor and mentor, Woroniecki “preached that parents were ultimately responsible for the souls of their children” and if children were behaving poorly the parents should “commit suicide rather than cause their children to stumble and go to hell” (Lancet 1952). The Yates lived on Woroniecki’s converted bus for two years with Noah, John, and Paul—all of which toddlers—while Andrea tried to be content because she “thought [she] was helping [her] husband and trying to do what [Rusty] wanted”(Park & Dietz 9). Upon giving birth to her fourth child, Andrea had her first major bout with postpartum depression, followed by several psychotic breaks.
...the more stable there is. However, the fracture toughness decreases if the phase is too stable. While tetragonal phase transform to monoclinic, the mechanical properties decrease at the same time but fracture toughness will increase.
Fatigue failure can be divided in three parts i.e. Crack initiation, Crack propagation and Final rupture.
Majority of the citizens in the United States have always strived to obtain, what is known as the American dream. That dream usually involves having a well-paid career, a family, and having a big house in a neighborhood free from crime. According, Robert Merton in his theory of Strain theory believes that these goals are instilled at an early age, which these goals are held to all of its members in society; however the means of obtaining these goals are not equally distributed out. The means being defined as education, the concepts of hard work are ways to achieve these goals. Merton’s strain theory is an explanation of criminal behavior, according to the textbook, Adler, Mueller and Laufer (2010) defined Strain theory as “that people are law-abiding citizen, but when under great pressure will resort to crime. Disparity between goals and means provide this pressure.”(p.106) Merton goes that in a class-orientated society, opportunities to get to the top are not equally distributed. There are two important elements that in any society. The (1) cultural aspirations, or goals that people believe are worth striving for, and (2) institutionalized means to accepted ways to attain the desire ends. Inequality between goals and means fosters frustrations, which leads to strain. (Alder, Mueller, and Laufer 2010).
Classic Strain Theory, as introduced and defined by Robert Merton, is a Social Structure Theory used to help explain the effect one’s community, most notably lower class areas, has on their ability to achieve predetermined goals, usually considered culturally normal. Merton theorized that all people in a various culture and social structure have similar values, goals, and norms. He stated that within this social structure there are individuals who come from affluent upbringing and are therefore more likely achieve these goals, and most likely this will be attained through legitimate, culturally acceptable means. There are however, Merton said, lower class areas where individuals suffer from lack of educational and economic opportunities afforded the upper class, leading to resentment and anger individuals at their inability to achieve stated objectives and goals through legitimate means.
Criminology is a study, which is constantly changing due to the fact that it is based on the political, economic and spiritual concerns of our society. Many theories come to light and then fade away as the societal climate changes. Agnew’s General Strain theory is one the many theories that have been pushed aside; however, it has been remodeled by recent developments in criminology. The general strain theory has defined three major types of strain that may link to the causation of crime. In light of the fact that there are several factors that can motivate a person to commit crime, opportunity is key in the midst of all. Crime Opportunity is another important theory to consider since it exhausts various perspectives in order to determine what provokes people to engage in crime. This meaning, it is impossible for anyone to engage in criminal activity when the odds are unfavorable and there are high risks. While both theories share similarities, Robert Agnew’s general strain theory appears to focus more on the reason behind criminal activity while crime opportunity theory emphasizes on situations of crime.
This paper presents how Labeling theory and strain theory can explain the crimes that The White family from West Virginia commit on a daily basis. The wonderful White of West Virginia portrays corruption and poverty. They do not conform to any authority or rules; all they want to do is fuss, fight and party. The White family takes part in shoot-outs, robberies; gas huffing, drug dealing, pill popping and murders. They are famously known for their Hill Billy tap dancing and wild criminal ways. West Virginia being the poorest state in the United States they do not have the resources to a good education system or available employment. Therefore, frustration sets in, leading to failed aspirations causing the Whites to resort to violent and illegal ways to survive in a declining economy, to obtain a slight chance to their perspective of the American dream. However, being labeled as the rebels of the south just makes that slight chance of the American dream much harder to obtain.
General Strain Theory means that people who experience strain or stress become distressed or upset which may lead them to commit a crime in order to cope. The key element in the general strain theory is an emotion which could motivate a person to commit a crime. One example that could prove this theory as a true factor about how someone’s emotion could affect the outcome of committing a crime, is by losing their source of income. If a person once had a great job where they were able to earn a lot of money but later was let go due to job cuts, that person stress of losing that high-end income could push them over the edge and they do the unthinkable such as shooting the boss who let them go. The three main sources of General Strain Theory are
Deviance is a natural part of and necessary for stability and social order in society, this according to functionalist theorist Emile Durkheim (MindEdge, Inc., 2016). Traditionally, society is generally successful in providing motivation for individuals to aspire for goals of some sort, whether through wealth, prestige or perceived power (Henslin, 2011). However, from a functional perspective, theories have been developed in identifying when lawful and equal access is not afforded to certain individuals in the process of obtaining such goals. This restriction and inequality to opportunity for access in the quest to achieve success is what is now referred to as structural strain theory, which was developed by sociologist Robert Merton (Henslin,
Robert Agnew is known for his general strain theory. The theory explains that the basis of people getting involved in criminal activity is because of strain. If someone becomes upset, frustrated, depressed, or mistreated they will turn to crime in order to deal with the feelings. Yet, not all people turn to crime in order to deal with strain or stressors. There are different ways to measure strain. Subjective strains are those strains that are disliked by particular person or group. This approached is aimed at how the person reacts to the way they are treated. The second approach is called the objective view. During this approach the researches will as individuals how much they would dislike a specific event. Strains come in three major forms according to Agnew.
General Strain Theory was discussed by Robert Agnew, and first published in 1992. According to General Strain Theory individuals engage in crime because of strains or stressors which produce anger and anxiety (Agnew, 1992). Crimes become the outlet that the individual uses to cope with or remedy the strains or stressors. Agnew states that there are three different types of deviance producing strains.
There are many theories to choose from and I decided to choose and focus on general strain theory. I chose general strain theory because I believe this particular theory applies to a lot of people across the United States, especially those people who are in the middle class and below. First I am going to explain what general strain theory is and what Agnew finds most important about it. Secondly, what micro level components are used in this theory and how they affect people. Lastly, I am going to discuss the strengths and weaknesses of general strain theory. Not everyone falls victim to general strain theory because not everyone is in the same social and economical predicament. A lot of people are unfortunate to go through these strains/stressors of life and it all comes down to how one chooses to deal with the hand life dealt them.
Hay and Evans (2006) examined three General Strain Theory (GST) hypotheses regarding the relationship between violent victimization and involvement in delinquency. The first hypothesis is violent victimization should be positively related with later involvement in delinquency. Second, if GST's view of this relationship is correct, the effects of victimization on delinquency should be at least partly explained by the juvenile's level of anger. Third, if GST is to be further supported, the effects of victimization should depend in part on variables it identifies as factors that condition the effects of strain. These elements were studied on juveniles to see if their behavior was affected by family or peer group victimization. The researchers collected longitudinal data first interviewed in 1976 when the children were ages seven to eleven, with a follow-up then conducted in 1981 when respondents
General Strain Theory was reinvented by Robert Agnew in 1992 and contributed a new perception to the present strain theory that was popularized a couple eras ago (Agnew, 1992). Classic strain theory is connected; first with Merton’s (1938), Cohen’s (1955) and Cloward and Ohlin’s (1960). Founded on Durkheim’s theory of anomie (1893), Merton industrialized his theory of deviancy inside a societal fundamental context. Merton’s interpretation on the topic is that goal-expectation inconsistencies, composed with social stratification generates strain between underprivileged societies in turn leading them to use any means necessary, such as criminal, in order to accomplish socially defined goals (Merton, 1938). Merton specified that deviance was a creation of inconsistency amongst social goals and the genuine means to attain these goals (Smith & Bohm, 2008). Merton shaped a typology of deviance contingent on how diverse human beings adjust to ethnically persuaded strain. Conferring to Merton, crime can be elucidated by the predictable socially acknowledged goals and the conceivable genuine means of accomplishing them.
In the other hand, the Hardening processes consist of quenching and tempering. They help in developing the appropriate bulk and surface properties. Martensite can be found in the structure of hardened or quenched steel. Martensite is a hard but brittle structure which needs tempering. After tempering, the toughness is increased and the brittleness is reduced, then it will have broad use throughout engineering field. Their principal use is to render the part fit for final use.