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Human physiology acid-base balance
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Solubility is when a chemical substance that is a gas, solid, or liquid that is called solute dissolves in a solvent that is also a gas, solid, or liquid to form a solution. To determine the solubility of a substance it depends on the physical and chemicals properties of both the solute and the solvent as well as pressure, temperature, and the pH of the solution. ( Solubility, Wikipedia 2016)
Solubility is the amount of the substance that will dissolve in a given amount of solvent. In a saturated solution is when the dissolved solute is equal to the amount of the undissolved solute. A saturated solution of an ionic compound is slightly different from that of a covalent compound like sucrose. In a ionic compound it dissolves and exist in solution as ions, but in a covalent compound instead of ions there are molecules (Solubility). Solubility can be confused with the ability to dissolve a substance but in solubility the solution may also occur because of a chemical reaction. For example zinc dissolves in hydrochloric acid as a result of chemical reaction releasing hydrogen gas in a displacement reaction The zinc ions are soluble in the acid. ( Solubility, Wikipedia 2016)
Solubility is measured in the terms of the maximum amount of solute that is dissolved in a solvent at equilibrium. The result is
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Water can be both an acid and a base. It can be considered an acid in some reactions and a base in others. Water can even react with itself to form acids and bases. It happens in really small amounts, so it won't change your experiments at all. Most of the time, the positive and negative ions in distilled water are in equal amounts and cancel each other out. Those special ions in solution acidic or basic. There are so many acids in your body you have amino acids, in fruit there is citric acid, vinegar is an acid. But when you mix baking soda with water is becomes a basic solution. (Acid and Bases are everywhere,
Thorough analysis of the graph displayed enough evidence suggesting that an increase in substrate concentration will increase the height of bubbles until it reaches the optimum amount of substrate concentration, resulting in a plateau in the graphs (figure 2). Hence; supported the hypothesis.
Distillation uses the characteristic boiling points of pure liquids to separate these substances from a mixture. Once a pure liquid reaches its boiling point, it maintains this temperature as
Brønsted and Lowry’s concept of acids and bases detail that these reactions are basically proton transfer reactions. Acids act as proton donors, meaning that they give away a hydrogen ion. While bases act as a proton acceptors, entailing that they receive a hydrogen ion. During reactions between acids and bases, acids are paired with hydrogen, while bases are paired with a hydroxide group. When these two react in an aqueous solution and a salt is produced, that lacks both acidic and basic properties, and water is produced. Then neutralization has occurred. Neutralization occurs when a strong acid and a strong base react, because they completely dissociate in water.
A precipitation reaction can occur when two ionic compounds react and produce an insoluble solid. A precipitate is the result of this reaction. This experiment demonstrates how different compounds, react with each other; specifically relating to the solubility of the compounds involved. The independent variable, will be the changing of the various chemical solutions that were mixed in order to produce different results. Conversely the dependent variable will be the result of the independent variable, these include the precipitates formed, and the changes that can be observed after the experiment has been conducted. The controlled variable will be the measurement of ten droplets per test tube.
It is defined as any species that increases the concentration of hydroxide ions, in aqueous solution. Highly soluble sodium hydroxide is the Arrhenius Base. Sodium hydroxide dissociates in water as follows:
Solubility is defined as the greatest amount of a solid, liquid or gaseous chemical substance that will dissolve in equilibrium in a specified volume of solid, liquid or gaseous solvent at a particular temperature or pressure to form a homogenous solution. Meanwhile, dissolution is a process whereby the solid chemical substance is dissolved in the solvent to form a solution.
Solubility is defined as the maximum amount of a substance that will dissolve in a given amount of another substance at constant temperature and pressure. Solubility is typically expressed in terms of maximum volume or mass of the solute that dissolve in a given volume or mass of a solvent. Traditionally the equilibrium solubility at a given pH and temperature is determined by the shake flask method. According to this method the compound is added in surplus to a certain medium and shaken at a predetermined time. The saturation is confirmed by observation of the presence of un-dissolved material. Saturation can also be reached if the solvent and excess solute is heated and then allowed to cool to the given temperature. After filtration of the
The next test we performed was the conductivity test. To carry out this test we had to take 1g of our unknown sample and mix it with 10 mL of water. Our TA told us that if the voltage meter gave us a positive number, then our substance would be considered conductive. Conductivity tells how well water can pass an electrical current. When inorganic substances are dissolved in the water it will greatly change the conductivity of water. Inorganic substances like sulfate, chloride, and nitrate will affect the water and create a high conductivity. The conductivity of distilled water is 0.5-3 Ohms. The reading the voltage meter gave us was a 84 Ohms, this is considered to be very conductiv...
Osmosis is also another type of diffusion where water is transferred from a higher concentration to a lower concentration. Osmosis will then come into play when a membrane that differs in solute concentration breaks in two; the water will move from the hypotonic solution to a hypertonic solution. Initially, the hypotonic solution has a lower concentration, and the hypertonic solution has a higher concentration. The water will then continue its journey down its concentration gradient until it reaches equilibrium; that means the water will have the same solute concentration on both sides. When the solute reaches equilibrium on both sides of the semipermeable membrane, the solution then becomes isotonic. Isotonic solutions are when the solute concentration is the same on the inside and outside of the cells, and that is the reason most cells live in the isotonic state. Additionally, a semi-permeable membrane only permits specific substances to enter, usually opening for a solvent but not most solutes. The substances dissolved in a solution are referred to as a solute; and the solvent is the substance that dissolves a solute in a solution. Therefore, the mixture of a solvent and a solute
Ionic liquids is a broaden term covering several possible systems. Ionic liquids are liquids that consist of exclusively ions, which exhibit ionic conductivity. The traditional definition known is molten salts or fused salt, which tend to have high melting points. For a while now the generalized definition of ionic liquids has only limited itself to the specific definition, which have melting points or has glass transition temperatures of 100 degrees. There are also the room temperature ionic liquids. Although liquids like ethyl ammonium nitrate is considered to fall under the definition, but aqueous solutions are not classified as ionic liquids. Also Binary mixtures that are liquid and consist of entirely of ions can be considered ionic liquids. There are also room temperatures ionic liquids. As you can see the progression of science broadens the definition of classification. Ionic Liquids can greatly contribute to the development of green chemistry, like replacing toxic flammable volatile organic solvents, reducing or preventing chemical wastage and pollution, and improving the safety of chemical process and products.
When a miscible salt is completely dissolved in liquid solvent to dissociate positive and negative charged ions, then this mixture is called liquid electrolyte.
Electrical conductivity refers to a substances ability to carry moving electrons (conduct electricity). In order to do so, there must be a supply of delocalised electrons. While in a solid state, ionic substances can not conduct electricity as there are no delocalised electrons or free/mobile ions to act as charge carriers. In an aqueous ionic solution, the H2O molecules break apart the crystal lattice structure of the ionic substance into individual ions, surrounding each ion in a jacket of hydration. Below is the equation that describes the dissociation of NaCl when in H2O solvent.
Water is the most important molecule that exists on the Earth. Without water living beings would not be able to live. Water is used for an immeasurable number of things. There are many properties of water, which makes this molecule so unique. One which people overlook is hardness. Hardness is defined in the Chemistry: The Central Science by Prentice Hall's as being "water that contains a relatively high concentration of Ca2+, Mg2+, and other divalent cations." Water containing these ions is not a health hazard; however, it is a problem for industries and households. Therefore, the hardness of water is vital to understand in order to prevent the problems it could cause.
When benzoic acid paired with 1.0 M NaOH, it was observed that both compounds were soluble. Upon the addition of 6.0 M HCl into this solution, benzoic acid became insoluble. Benzoic acid was also insoluble in 1.0 M HCl. Ethyl 4-aminobenzoate was found to be insoluble in 1.0 M NaOH and soluble in 1.0 M HCl. But then, after adding 6.0 M NaOH into the test tube C (mixture of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate and 1.0 M HCl), a white powdery solid (undissolved compound) was formed. These demonstrate that both the acid and base became more soluble when they were ionized and less soluble when they were
In order to discover the initial properties of the unknown compound, the group performed qualitative, quantitative, conductivity, anion, and cation tests. For the qualitative solubility test, solvents used were water, toluene, and acetone; the test helped determine if the compound was ionic or polar. The unknown dissolved in water, which had a pH of 7, therefore the compound was polar or ionic. The unknown did not dissolve in toluene or acetone, proving that the compound was not nonpolar. During the quantitative test, group members placed two grams of the unknown compound ten milliliters of water and measured how much compound would dissolve in a given volume of solution. Using an Erlenmeyer flask and a volumetric pipet, the students dissolved two grams of the unknown into ten milliliters of water and a precipitate