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Plato's insight about government
Plato's insight about government
Plato's insight about government
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Socrates, a Philosopher
Socrates lived at a period when the ancient city-states of Greece were in war leading to the ultimate defeated of his polis, Athens by Sparta during the Peloponnesian War. Socrates was fond of discourse and arguments on free thought and rhetoric. One of his most famous works, the “Apology” and inspiring Greek writer Xenophon to recreate his conversations in literary works after his death to include “Memorabilia” and “Economicus”. These writings appeared around the same period of the height of Plato’s activity through teaching rhetoric and philosophy in ancient Greece (Huang 404). Thus, it is prudent to explore both the writings of other Greek thinkers to lay down the proper and exhaustive foundation on the philosophy, plays, and teachings of Socrates (Russell 59). The rhetoric of Socrates did not sit well with the aristocrats in Greece who constantly accused him of corrupting the youth and leading meaningless and at times profane thought in both the youth and his students. The writings of the “Apology” finally culminates in the death of Socrates, who was killed by poison after being accused by informants and his old accusers of not grounding his arguments
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The work also disputes Socrates idea of the democracy of the juries of Athens, which he sees as corrupt and laden by tyranny (Brainerd 21). This view of tyranny can be said to be the narrow-mindedness of the jury, which condemned him to death without fully exploring his defense. Despite the applaud, Plato gets by simply not carrying the philosophy of his teacher with him, but to create his own political though makes Socrates teachings almost complete. A student cannot live in the shadow of his master all along, and Plato is dismembering himself from complete interruption by Socrates teaching seals the fate of Socrates aims, free thought and free
185-196. Dillon, Mathew, and Garland, Lynda. Ancient Greece: Social and Historical Documents from Archaic Times to the Death of Socrates. Routledge International Thompson Publishing Company, 1994, pp. 179-215 Lefkowitz, Mary.
For these two articles that we read in Crito and Apology by Plato, we could know Socrates is an enduring person with imagination, because he presents us with a mass of contradictions: Most eloquent men, yet he never wrote a word; ugliest yet most profoundly attractive; ignorant yet wise; wrongfully convicted, yet unwilling to avoid his unjust execution. Behind these conundrums is a contradiction less often explored: Socrates is at once the most Athenian, most local, citizenly, and patriotic of philosophers; and yet the most self-regarding of Athenians. Exploring that contradiction, between Socrates the loyal Athenian citizen and Socrates the philosophical critic of Athenian society, will help to position Plato's Socrates in an Athenian legal and historical context; it allows us to reunite Socrates the literary character and Athens the democratic city that tried and executed him. Moreover, those help us to understand Plato¡¦s presentation of the strange legal and ethical drama.
In his work Socrates’ Apology to the Jury, Xenophon produces an account of the Socratic deliberation –and indeed the logic that seemed to inform that deliberation- over his trial. Specifically, Xenophon, provides his readers with an ambivalent justification of Socrates’ chosen rhetoric during his trial, namely his “boastful manner of speaking” or megalegoria (Patch, footnote 2). Indeed, instead of choosing to deliver a speech that would gain him the jury’s sympathy and the city’s acquittal, Socrates proceeds to deliver a speech that is characterized mainly by its ironic arrogance. Xenophon goes so far as to provide his readers with a kind of statement of purpose that frames Socrates’ megalegoric speech; Socrates had, in the words of Xenophon,
Rhetoric, or oratory, is a knack and not an art. The statement is made by Socrates and is the main argument in Platos Gorgias. Although oratory is the point of the discourse between Socrates and Gorgias and Polus, Socrates is careful to align oratory with other activities that knacks such as cooking, beauty-culture (i.e., cosmetics), and sophistry (i.e., popular lecturing) sophistry together to expound the importance of intention when defining art. Arts are activities that are learned through study for the benefit of people’s body and soul. A knack, according to Socrates, is a natural aptitude that is perfected though routine to catch “fools with the bait of ephemeral pleasure” (30). Therefore, knacks are dishonorable and bad, because
Additionally, King aimed to connect with the audience using rhetorical devices such as anaphora,repetition, and syntax. For instance, anaphora could be seen in paragraph 10 as King vividly repeats the phrase “when you have …”, attempting to show the audience that he’s had to endure a long list of grievances. Furthermore, repetition is visible in paragraph 9 as King continuously repeats the word “wait” seeking to intensify his message. Syntax is another rhetorical devices that King utilizes to get his message across. Notably within paragraph 10 as MLK states “Perhaps it is easy for those who have never felt the stinging darts of segregation to say wait… then you will understand why we find it difficult to wait.” MLK chose not to give the
Wilson first recognises the so-called ‘Socratic Problem’: due to the differing representations in the sources, there is little certainty “about the historical Socrates” (p.92). Meanwhile, Plato’s (literary) Socrates has proved overwhelmingly dominant in the “western tradition”, (p.94) making it difficult to consider him outside “the eyes of Plato” (p.94) Plato’s Socrates is then contrasted with the different version given by Xenophon, who presents a more ordinary, ascetic figure. This reflects Xenophon’s admiration of Sparta and for him, Socrates’ death demonstrates Athenian “moral decadence” (p.97). Wilson reminds us that though less interesting, Xenophon’s Socrates has been more prominent than Plato’s at various points. Indeed, she suggests that there has been a recent return to a “Xenophontic vision of Socrates” (p.99). After this, Wilson provides a detailed account of Socrates in various works of
In Plato’s Gorgias, Socrates and Polus converse in a dialectical conversation about whether Orators have great power, and what it means to actually have that power. Dialectic refers to the bringing forth of one’s true beliefs, and is the platform by which Socrates places his ideas. Polus believes that Orators do what they think is most fit to do, and they do what they want to do. Because if this, they must have great power. In response, Socrates agrees with the idea that Orators do what they think is most fit to do, however, his believes that they do not do what they want. This suggests that Orators don’t have great power because great power is good for the one who has it. This argument leads into their next topic of injustice. Socrates says that “you’re not supposed to envy the unenviable or the miserable. You are supposed to pity them” (339). He is referring to people who commit injustice. Of course,
Oedipus’ tireless search and determination to find King Laius’ killer is what drives the audience’s feelings of pity towards hin. Oedipus sought to help his people by ending the plague, learning that he must vanquish the murderer of the former king. In doing so he learned not only that he himself was the murderer, but Oedipus also learned horrible things about his true identity. From the audience’s point of view at first, Oedipus had a very opulent life as king, and came from a royal family. To see details of his life unravel into shameful lies and horrible truths takes an emotional toll on the audience. It would be very hard for the audience not to have pity on a man has learned such abominable things about his origins and the tampering of
In the text Oedipus the King, written by Sophocles, the author uses rhetorical devices to establish the central idea, these rhetorical devices are metaphors and imagery. By using these literary elements, Sophocles develops a main idea of ignorance, such as the protagonist Oedipus ignores the relativity of his prophecy and the links between his and his wife and mother Jocasta’s. In the excerpt, to develop the central idea, Sophocles used the literary term such as an extended metaphor. An example of an extended metaphor that is used in the text is, “Once you have learned the truth about this wedding by which you sailed into this royal house- a lovely voyage, but the harbour’s doomed” (Ln 509-511). In this quote, Teiresias, the courier prolongs
He shares with the council how much he loves and gives his community. He shows them that by questioning each person’s values, he is allowing only the good values to influence the community (Plato, Apology, 11). This translates over to his punishment being death over exile. His dialogue style also allows him to effectively challenge the Athenian value of glorification of the body. This style allows him to talk about the soul. It also allows him to gain the devotion of his pupils because he does answer their questions. This type of devotion allows Socrates’s theory about the soul to live on till today. It is not immediately effective in Greek society though. The Athenians continue to worship the human body and hold the Homeric Ideal of masculinity as a high esteemed belief (Levack, 107). This is shown in the artwork of the period as well as the prevalence of athletics and war glorification that eventually ends up be passed on the Roman society (Levack,
There are times in every mans life where our actions and beliefs collide—these collisions are known as contradictions. There are endless instances in which we are so determined to make a point that we resort to using absurd overstatements, demeaning language, and false accusations in our arguments. This tendency to contradict ourselves often questions our character and morals. Similarly, in The Trial of Socrates (Plato’s Apology), Meletus’ fallacies in reason and his eventual mistake of contradicting himself will clear the accusations placed on Socrates. In this paper, I will argue that Socrates is not guilty of corrupting the youth with the idea of not believing in the Gods but of teaching the youth to think for themselves by looking to new divinities.
Socrates, according to Plato challenged the norms of society by questioning life and having others question it as well. He was labeled of “corrupting the youth” and for not believing in the Athenians gods. “Socrates is guilty of corrupting the young, and of not acknowledging the gods the city acknowledges, but new daimonic activities instead.” (The Apology, pp 654) Although, he was cast by being “corrupt”, Socrates had many followers that saw him as a wise man. Socrates trial was made up of thirty jurors, who were later known as “The Thirty.” The “Thirty” really wanted was to silence Socrates, rather than taking his life. However, Socrates did not want to disobey the laws, he did not want to be violated of his right to freedom of speech, nor did he did he want to be undermine his moral position. (The Apology, pp. 647) He stood against injustice acts several times while he was in counsel. “I was the sort...
Socrates reaches a conclusion that defies a common-sense understanding of justice. Nothing about his death sentence “seems” just, but after further consideration, we find that his escape would be as fruitless as his death, and that in some sense, Socrates owes his obedience to whatever orders Athens gives him since he has benefited from his citizenship.
...litical figure came close to challenging Socrates' unique philosophical plan. In the Republic, Socrates' ideas of how ignorant a democracy is, is portrayed in the Apology when Socrates' proclamation resulted in death. A democracy is supposed to be about individuality and freedom, however it was contradicted when Socrates was put to death because he had ideas for a better system of ruling. He wanted a ruler to be somebody who would see truth, not shunning certain ideas and keeping others solely because it is not understood. These ideas are portrayed in both excerpts.
Dictionary.com defines the philosopher as a person who offers views or theories on profound questions in ethics, metaphysics, logic, and other related fields. While that definition is extensive and is in the practical sense the vocation of the Philosopher, one could argue that the term philosopher means so much more, than such a simplistic definition such as the one above. Socrates was a philosopher, soldier, and mason among many other professions. However, Socrates loved the pursuit of knowledge more than anything else and that is what makes him an exemplary example of a philosopher.