Up until the 1940s and 50s the main practice and theories around counselling and psychology were dominated by Sigmund Freud and B F skinner. These were psychoanalysis and behaviorism, these theories worked on the principal that the psychologist was the expert and the patient was essentially without knowledge or free will to help himself i.e. deterministic (The doctrine that all events, including human action, are ultimately determined by causes regarded as external to the will. Some philosophers have taken determinism to imply that individual human beings have no free will and cannot be held morally responsible for their actions.)
However around this time there was also another, humanistic movement gaining momentum with people like Otto Rank, a psychologist who worked with Freud for 20 but
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Rogers wrote 19 books and many articles outlining his humanistic theory. Among his best-known works are Client-Centered Therapy (1951), On Becoming a Person (1961), and A Way of Being (1980) He continued to develop his theories In to the 50’s and was particularly concerned to validate his ideas through research, making a huge contribution to research in psychotherapy inspiring thousands of project in the 1960s, 70s and 80s to evaluate the effectiveness of counselling and psychotherapy. His particular contributing to contemporary culture was to put the individual, their experience and self-healing potential at the heart of the change process. This was a serious challenge to mainstream psychology at the time which was bust trying to convince the world that psychologists were the ‘experts’ on human behaviour. With his emphasis on human potential, Carl Rogers had an enormous influence on both psychology and education. Beyond that, he is considered by many to be one of the most influential psychologists of the 20th century. More therapists cite Rogers as their primary influence than any other
Rogers, C. R. (1946). Significant aspects of client-centered therapy [1]. American Psychologist, 1, 415-422. Retrieved from http://psychclassics.yorku.ca
Rogers, C. R. (1961). A Therapist’s View of Psychotherapy. On Becoming a Person. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Psychodynamics was at first further created via Carl Jung, Alfred Adler and Melanie Klein.[5][6] By the mid-1940s and into the 1950s, the general utilization of the "psychodynamic hypothesis" had been well established.[citation needed] In his 1988 book Prologue to Psychodynamics - Another Amalgamation, therapist Mardi J. Horowitz expresses that his own advantage and interest with psychodynamics started amid the 1950s, when he heard Ralph Greenson, a well known neighborhood psychoanalyst who addressed general society on points, for example, "Individuals who Abhor", talk on the radio at UCLA. In his radio discourse, as indicated by Horowitz, he "distinctively depicted psychotic conduct and oblivious mental procedures and connected psychodynamics hypothesis straightforwardly to ordinary life."[13] In the 1950s, American therapist Eric Berne based on Freud's psychodynamic show, especially that of the "self image states", to build up a brain science of human communications called value-based analysis[14] which, as per doctor James R. Allen, is an "intellectual behavioral way to deal with treatment and that it is an extremely compelling method for managing inner models of self as well as other people and in addition other psychodynamic issues.
It is inevitable that in psychotherapy there are numerous theories. Theories arise out of scholarly investigations of ideas on human behavior. Human behavior is an extraordinarily interesting subject and therefore produces a plethora of ideas from a variety of theorists. These theorists are influenced by their education, culture, and time period. One influential theorist is Carl Rogers. His contributions to human behavior have changed many of the theories that preceded him, and his theory contributed to many theories that followed.
Person-Centered Therapy is an optimistic theory that is categorized in the humanistic approaches to therapy. PC therapy believes that human beings are intrinsically good, and are motivated to be the best that they can be (Carver & Scheier, 2008, p. 346). The theory embodies respect for individuals and values of tolerance and understanding (Brodley, 2007, p. 140). As the name implies the client is responsible for his or her own growth and improvement (Carver & Scheier, 2008, p.344). Rogers' stated that the main assumption of his approach is that “individuals have within themselves vast resources for self-understanding and for altering their self-concepts, basic attitudes, and self- directed behavior” (Rogers, 1980, p.115). One of the underlying assumptions, and main motivation, of Person-Centered Therapy is that human beings possess an innate tendency to grow and meet their full potential, or to self-actualize. Self-actualization is the inherent motivation to reach our highest potential, both emotionally and intellectually (Kosslyn & Rosenberg, 2004, p. 464). Self-actualization moves one towards autonomous behavior and self-sufficiency, it enriches one’s life and enhances their creativity. It also promotes congruence, wholeness, and integration of the person. Rogers describes self-actualizing people as the fully functioning person (Carver & Scheier, 2008, p.322).
Murdock, NL 2004, Theories of counselling and psychotherapy: A case approach, Pearson/Merrill/Prentice Hall, New York.
Psychology has many founders whom contributed to influential thinking to the field. When hearing the names Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, and William James, one thinks of the founding fathers of psychology. Milton Erickson said “patients are patients because they are out of rapport with their own unconscious… Patients are people who have too much programming – so much outside programming that they have lost touch with their inner
When most laymen think about psychology, a version of the psychodynamic theory is surely what comes to mind. Most people have heard of Freud and the somewhat ridiculous notions that he brought about over a century ago. What many people may not understand is just how advanced the psychodynamic theory was for the time in which it came about. Although this theory definitely has some flaws, it has some astonishingly valid aspects to it as well. An analysis of this Freudian theory shows that there are both strengths and weaknesses to the psychodynamic theory, and that it can still be applicable to modern-day social work.
Person-Centred Counselling established its origins in the late 1940 during a conference when Carl Rogers gave a talk entitled ‘New Concepts in Psychotherapy’. The summarisation of the talk resulted in the theory that the client in a counselling relationship should be at the center of the relationship and lead the counselling process. The Client, in effect became the expert on their life and/or problems. The fundamental belief is that an individual is capable of change, growth and fulfillment (self-concept). Person-Centred counselling looks at ‘the here and now’ and how to make changes that affect the future. Person-Centred Counselling generated a system known as the ‘Core Conditions Model’ which emphasized three key components: Empathy, Congruence and Acceptance.
Rogers, C.R. (1961) On Becoming a Person: A Therapist's View of Psychotherapy. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Carl Rogers developed person centered therapy, also known as client centered, non-directive or Rogerian therapy, in the 1930s. The person centered therapy, differs than other typical formal therapy, against directive and psychanalytic approach. Rogers believed that the therapy should take place where there is a close personal relationship between the client and the therapist. Rogers rejected the traditional hierarchical relationship between the client and therapist, and view the clients as equals by using the term “client” instead of “patient”. In person-centered therapy, the client determines the general direction of the therapy while the therapist ask informal clarifying question to promote client’s self-insight and self-understanding.
The psychoanalytic approach, proposed by Sigmund Freud, is based on the idea that childhood experiences significantly influence the development of later personality traits and psychological problems. In addition, psychoanalysis emphasizes the influence of unconscious fears, desires and motivations on thoughts and behaviors. The humanistic approach, presented by Abraham Maslow, emphasizes self actualization and free-will. It is based on the belief that each person has freedom in directing his or her future.
...ent and society restricts them from expressing their inner selves. This approach does not label the individual with a diagnosis; it perceives every condition as unique (Abnormal Psychology, 2013 pp. 93). With person-centered therapy that Rogers developed, the person is encouraged to achieve their full potential. The client-centered therapy “reflects his belief that people are innately good and that the potential for self-improvement lies within the individual, rather than in the therapist or therapeutic technique” (Abnormal Psychology, 2013, pp.94).
The last article for review was written by Carl Rogers, another humanistic psychologist, in 2007, much more recent than the other two articles. The article’s title, The Necessary and Sufficient Conditions of Therapeutic Personality Change, is almost a summary in itself. In the article Rogers tries to answer the question he proposes, “Is it possible to state, in terms which are clearly definable and measurable, the psychological conditions which are both necessary and sufficient to bring about constructive personality change?” (Rogers, 2007). Rogers proceeds to describe the relationship and interaction between the client and the therapist that must be in place in order for positive personality change to take place.
(Zucconi, 2011). Rogers departed from viewing clients as a “patient” to avoid putting the stigma of a label on them or classifying them. Rogers was of the opinion that such terms or labels influenced a person’s identity and their behaviors causing them to feel the need to live up to the classification that was put on them. (Zucconi, 2011). Rogers was the first therapist to develop a complete therapeutic paradigm that was centered on the entirety or whole person and their potentialities. (Zucconi,