More handpicked essays just for you.
Influences of advertising regarding gender
Gender stereotypes in commercials
Influences of advertising regarding gender
Don’t take our word for it - see why 10 million students trust us with their essay needs.
Recommended: Influences of advertising regarding gender
The body of a woman is a frequent target of sexual objectification. From the perspective of objectification theory, objectification describes the representation of another as an object, which has the consequence of dehumanizing the subject (Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997). Advertisements, magazines, and commercials all utilize objectified images of women to attract viewer attention, yet researchers understand little about why viewers find such images appealing to begin with. Morris and Goldenberg (2015), which the current study aimed to replicate, proposed an explanation in the context of terror management theory (Greenberg, Pyszczynksi, & Solomon, 1986).
Terror management theory posits that people cope with the fear of death by relying on cultural constructs that give life meaning, or provide a means of escaping mortality concerns (Greenberg et al., 1986). In spite of such defenses, however, the physical body—doomed to eventual
…show more content…
First, participants completed a true or false questionnaire that related to either death (mortality salience condition) or pain (control condition). Then following a delay participants then viewed and gave an attractiveness rating for advertisements depicting women merged with an object (literally objectified condition) or women separated from the object (control condition). Because objectification should reduce the perceived threat associated with women’s sexualized bodies, I predicted that, when mortality is salient, male participants would find women in the literally objectified condition more attractive than those in the control condition. In addition, because this threat is uniquely associated with men’s attraction for women’s bodies, I predicted that mortality salience would not affect female participants’ ratings of
In her essay “Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema”, Laura Mulvey discusses the subject of how female characters, through various methods, are subjected to erotic objectification, by both the characters on screen as well as the spectators within the auditorium. While Mulvey makes an excellent point in acknowledging female’s exposure in cinema, she fails to realize that male characters are just as likely to be subjected to the same kind of objectification, depending on what type of audience the motion picture is directed at. Mulveys claim depends on a generalization of a homogenous audience and characters that only consists of heterosexual men. When transferring Mulveys claim onto homosexual male characters starring in a production that is in first-hand directed towards a gay audience, the erotic objectification of male characters share several similarities with those Mulvey describe women to be exposed to in her essay. Consequently, erotic objectification is governed by different circumstances, in which the audience plays a large role.
Szymanski, Dawn M., Lauren B. Moffitt, and Erika R. Carr. “Sexual Objectification of Women: Advances to Theory and Research.” APA, 2011. Web. 11 Nov. 2013.
The objectification of women in the media and women voluntarily subjecting themselves to this demeaning objectification is rapidly increasing in lieu of feminist ideals and a new age push for women empowerment. The media has long capitalized on women’s sexuality in everything from music videos to manipulative advertisements, appealing to the male gaze while simultaneously instilling a sense of longing in girls of all ages to look like these women. In Lily Allen’s song, “Hard Out Here”, she attempts to bring light to this issue of women being treated as simply sexual objects and how all women are expected to look and act. However, in contrast to her empowering lyrics, Allen’s video takes a turn for the worst when she implements strictly black female dancers as representation of the cliché sexism found in music videos placing them at the butt of the parody.
When you first hear the words 'female objectification' you might automatically think of men treating women as objects. And it's true. Men do play a role in degrading women to just their bodies. There is evidence of that in Men's magazines, music, and the everyday things that they say to or about a woman. However, women also play a huge role in their own objectification. Women change their bodies to make them more sexual and objectify each other.
The documentary Killing Us Softly 4 discusses and examines the role of women in advertisements and the effects of the ads throughout history. The film begins by inspecting a variety of old ads. The speaker, Jean Kilbourne, then discusses and dissects each ad describing the messages of the advertisements and the subliminal meanings they evoke. The commercials from the past and now differ in some respects but they still suggest the same messages. These messages include but are not limited to the following: women are sexual objects, physical appearance is everything, and women are naturally inferior then men. Kilbourne discusses that because individuals are surrounded by media and advertisements everywhere they go, that these messages become real attitudes and mindsets in men and women. Women believe they must achieve a level of beauty similar to models they see in magazines and television commercials. On the other hand, men expect real women to have the same characteristics and look as beautiful as the women pictured in ads. However, even though women may diet and exercise, the reality...
Sexual objectification refers to the way in which a person sexually reduces another by treating them as a mere sex object (Halwani). Sexual objectification is rarely referred to as a benign topic, though throughout this evaluation, an enlightened, thou broad range of opinions are discussed emphasising the ambiguity of the term in relation to the morality of sexual objectification. Halwani’s definition only embraces ‘treatment’ and or the ‘behavioural’ aspects of sexual objectification, nevertheless Halwani recognises that the process by which someone is sexually objectified occurs most frequently throughout the following scenarios: During casual sex, as the parties desire nothing more than the others body party, essentially their sexual parts. When we look at naked pictures of people and become intrigued by their sexual aspects. Engaging in pornography, as the material already objectifies it’s actors as models (Halwani). Perving on a person’s bodily features such a “her booty” as he or she walks by. Catcalling, by reducing the person solely to their physical appearances and lastly, fantasising about someone, as it objectifies them solely on their physical appearances and can in turn symbolise men or women holistically (Halwani, 2010, pp 186). Allowing for a broader discussion in relation to when sexual objectification is morally permissible (if ever), idea’s constructed by Immanuel Kant, Martha Nussbaum and David Soble are broadly evaluated in order to construct when sexual objectification is permissible.
You can see in the media in almost all occasions women being sexualized. From beer to burger commercials women in the media are portrayed as sexual beings. If they are thin and meet society’s standards of beautiful they are considered marketable. Over the...
The terror management theory is a motivational theory which speculates that human beings have an underlying fear of death. These feelings are managed within that person by developing or maintaining a two- part cultural anxiety buffer; an individual worldview and a sense of self value or self-esteem. (Pyszczynski,Greenberg, & Solomon, 1997) According to the theory, high self-esteem reflects the successful participation in and internalization of meaningful cultural worldview. (Schmeichel, Gailliot, Filardo, MrGregor, Gitter, &Baumeister 2009) Goldenberg and Shakelford (2005) suggested that “the need for self-esteem is often seen as the master motive that underlies much o...
The following study Race and Genre in the Use of Sexual Objectification in Female Artists Music Videos by the researchers Cynthia M. Frisby and Jennifer Stevens examine the use of sexual objectification by popular female music artist in their music videos. The authors focus on the sexual objectification within pop, country and hip hop music videos. The study investigated to what extreme female artists would be part of the sexual objectification of their bodies. The authors solely focus more on the portrayal of women in their own music videos instead of women in male artist music videos.
Sexualization and objectification involves taking something and making it out to be an object rather than a living thing, and making it seem like it is a sexual thing when it really isn’t. Everyday, people frown upon women for breastfeeding in public because their breasts are supposedly too “sexual” to show any part of in public. There are also chain restaurants, or “breastaurants” that require waitresses to wear revealing outfits to show off their bodies. However, in other types of establishments, such as bars, strip clubs, or burlesque bars, women are degraded and frowned upon for showing off their bodies. Honestly, the sexualization and objectification of women’s bodies is a problem and needs to stop.
The sexualisation of children and young people is an issue that effects both genders in different ways; with girls, we see hyper-sexualisation and objectification whilst boys, face the struggles of hypermasculinisation – both of which react with one another, perpetuating and reinforcing social standards such as beauty, femininity and masculinity. This essay aims to outline what is meant by the early sexualisation of children and young people and discuss the sociological impacts the phenomenon is having on society. Sexualisation is an ever-growing phenomenon with sexualised images overtly placed everywhere from magazines to television/film to tablets and mobile phones. Journalists, child advocacy organisations and psychologists argue that early
Today, women are still sexually objectified to some degree. Because literature often reflects the views of a culture, the sexual objectification of women commonly appears in literature. Whether they have small or large roles in a plot, female characters are sexually submissive in some way and portrayed as subservient to men. Objectification is a concept that has been defined as ‘the seeing and/ or treating a person, usually a woman, as an object’. American philosopher Martha Nussbaum lists the features that are involved in this controversial phenomenon by proposing seven forms of objectification that have been proved to reinforce gender inequality.
Since the beginning of time, women have always been seen as things purely for the pleasure and benefit of men. Women have always been objectified. Objectification is seeing and treating a person as if they did not have thoughts and feelings, as if they had the status of an object.{1} Only in recent years have they begun to be seen as individuals of equal intelligence and ability. You may think, ”Women have had equal rights for a while. I do not see how this is a problem.” It may not seem like women were given their rights recently, but in our history, women have been treated objectively for thousands of years, even dating back to biblical times. Still, even when women have the same rights, opportunities, and responsibility as men, women can be found almost everywhere being treated as though they were incompetent and lesser human beings.{4}
One of the most prominent and detrimental forms of sexual objectification is in pornography, where it defines a woman’s role as a sexual object for men to use freely (Insert Plato Citation). It was concluded that 88% of the scenes on porn contain acts of physical aggression, which can overexpose men into thinking that this sort of aggression is normal and raise their tolerance of violence (Insert PornStats Citation). It can further warp the minds of the watchers into thinking that this is what relationships and sex are truly like, when in reality many women are forced into the industry or are overly intoxicated to keep the entire experience feeling numb (Insert ThePinkCross Citation). Pornography also touches in on an even darker subject of pedophilia, or the paraphilia involving sexual attraction to prepubescent children. Pedophilia is mostly found in males, who are also the sex that is 543% more likely to watch pornography (Insert PornStats Citation). Television shows and movies exhibit men of all shapes, sizes, and ages married or dating women of one body type, which is usually young and slender. The combination of the media and pornography feeding into the desires for young, petite girls by exposing them in an explicit way leads to the statistic that one in five men are capable of being sexually aroused by children, to some degree, though they may never act on those feelings (Insert TheGuardian Citation). On the other hand, it is still likely to see people telling young girls to not dress in a revealing manner. In the way society uses this, it is almost an oxymoron. The media is telling girls to look a certain way and when they do they are shamed for it. It should be left at if a girl is too young to be wearing ‘that short of...
With so much exposure to this type of media, it is easy to become desensitised to it. With America becoming numb to the violence in these advertising tactics, domestic violence is an increasing problem as brutality against women has become trivialized. Jean Kilbourne 's “‘Two Ways a Woman can get Hurt”: Advertising and Violence’ argues that violence in advertising profoundly affects people in a skewed physiological manner, leading to violence against women. Kilbourne insists that “...violent images contributes to the state of terror...” felt by women who feel victimized by men who “...objectify and are disconnected...” from the women they mistreat (431). She furthers her argument by dictating that “....turning a human being into…an object, is almost always the first step towards justifying violence against that person” (431). So much of the media that America consumes is centered on dehumanizing women into an object of male enjoyment. It is difficult to have empathy toward a material object. Because of this objectification, men feel less guilty when enacting brutality upon women. Violence becomes downplayed because it is seen everywhere - in advertising and media - and this has contributed significantly to the cases of domestic violence in America. America has become numb to violence against women in advertising, leading to an alarming increasing domestic violence in this