The Königsberg Bridges have posed a philosophical problem in scientific explanation whether explanations should be causal and non-causal. The goal scientific explanation is to explain why events in the physical world have occurred. Specifically, scientific explanations are concerned with causes. Causes are an important part of scientific explanation because it helps to understand why a phenomenon has occurred. Causes of a phenomenon help to understand how explanations work, or why a phenomenon occurs.
Woodward already presents a successful theory of causal explanations. Specifically, Woodward is concerned with causal explanation in the broad sense of the term. I mean that an explanation is proceeded by showing the dependence of an outcome
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The dilemma with the bridges was to determine if there was a way to cross each once and end up on the mainland when starting with the rules of only using the bridge to cross. Euler proved with his graph theory that there is no solution to the Königsberg Bridge Problem. The graph theory is a graph in which the nodes (a point on the graph) have an even number of edges (a line that connects different nodes) or an odd number of edges which have starting and ending line. The graph that represents Königsberg is not Eulerian because it has an odd number of edges and is impossible to connect all the nodes with a continuous line therefore the problem of walking over each of the bridges only once is …show more content…
Specifically, it shows a visual representation all the possible pathways someone could walk on the actual bridges. Specifically, the graph theory states since each node has an odd number of edges then the bridges cannot be crossed with a continuous line. The graph theory representation of this real-world phenomena is an everyday explanation of the bridges has to do with the specific layout and the number of bridges. In addition, this theory is able to be applied to many different scenarios of bridges to explain whether or not different combinations of bridges could hypothetically be crossed. The goal of science is to be able to explain phenomena with generalized observations.
One may argue that the explanation for the Königsberg bridges is in fact causal, as with all successful scientific explanations. Woodward’s argument for the seven bridges being causal is that the explanandum in this case is a real-world event with the bridges are actual bridges in a real town. This means that the Königsberg bridges are not abstract mathematical ideas like the graph theory would present. There are specific, historical reasons as to why and how many of the bridges were built in these specific locations. There was a need for a bridge to connect these two
This bridge was necessary to the people of Harpswell due to the weather changes making it impossible for the fishermen and their families to cross from island to island. They used their fishing boats when the weather cooperated, but when storms arose and when the water
Joseph B. Strauss, a famous designer of movable spans became interested in building a bridge at the Golden Gate so he submitted a proposal. His design was a hybrid structure that included a suspension span of 2,640 feet long along with a cantilevered truss span of 685 ft. on each end. However, his design was rejected by the public because they thought such a bridge would ruin the beauty of the area. Therefore, Strauss had to work with Othmar Ammann, Charles Derleth Jr., and Leon Moisseiff, consulting engineers, who together created a new design. They created a suspension bridge with a length of 4,000 ft. Their new design was approved by the U.S. War Department in 1930 and construction proceeded.
The commission issued 15 conclusions that lead to the failure of the bridge. The commission found that Theodore Cooper and Peter Szlapka were directly responsible for the collapse. Peter Szlapka was the design engineer for the Phoenix Bridge Company and designed the chords that failed. Theodore Cooper was found responsible as well because he officially examined and approved the design. The Quebec Bridge and Railroad Company was also found responsible for failure to appoint an experienced engineer as chief engineer. The main reason for the collapse was poor design. Eventually the bridge became so heavy that it couldn’t even support itself. The bending and distortion of the steel was caused by the dead load of the bridge. The collapse can also be due to stubbornness and refusal to admit a mistake was made early on and didn’t want to redo all the plans. The Phoenix Bridge Company refused to believe their steel was bending and claimed that the distortions must have already been there before the steel was used to make the bridge. Also important factors such as increasing the span of the bridge were not taken into account and no new calculations were ever computed to change the
This all iron design made the bridge a lot heavier than it was designed for, which added more stress to the truss. This fact, by itself, wouldn’t cause any alarm. However, the bridge itself, was very poorly constructed. The members of the bridge were all different sizes, and they were not connected together properly. Due to the poor construction and eleven years of use, members of the bridge had started to bend due to the stress. Despite bridge engineers inspecting the bridge for eleven years, no one noticed these faults with the bridge. However, the ultimate cause of this collapse, was so tiny, only one of the investigators, after the collapse, noticed it. A tiny air hole was left during the construction of the bridge, “and grew with repeated stress over eleven years” (Escher, 2009). This hole would develop in a crack, due to the changing temperatures and the trains crossing it for over eleven years. This would weaken the overall strength of the bridge. The cold winter air and the weight of the train would ultimately prove to be too much, and the whole bridge came crashing
Building the bridge means both on a physical and emotional term. Building it to prevent another loss and finally making amends with Leslie's death, 'For hadn't Leslie, even in Terabithia, tried to push back the walls of his mind and make him see beyond to the shining world—huge and terrible and beautiful and very fragile?' (chapter 13) Jesse, in the beginning thought fear as such a despiteful thing, something to be ashamed of and was always tormented by it. Then he came to his senses about this matter, that it was normal, because of Terabithia, of Leslie Burke.
Everything revolves around it because they cannot move forward without first getting rid of that bridge. Since the beginning of the chapters it was clear that bridge is their barrier that is keeping them from winning that war. This bridge has created conflicted among each other with Robert and Pablo. Pablo does not want to disturb the bridge while Robert is trying to follow orders and go follow through the wish of Kashkin who is now dead to blow up that bridge. This conflict is a clear image of their disliking already even though they had barley met. This has been most of what the story has been revolved around because if there wasn’t a bridge then there would be no conflicted they could just move on forward. All though people may think It’s only a bridge it isn’t important all they need to do is blow it up but what about the pros and cons after moving to Segovia and also attract more enemies or leave it alone and stay put and let the war be prolonged. There could have been many different things he could have used instead of a bridge maybe a forest or a sea either way this story could have had many different outcomes but he chose a bridge. This is very symbolic because there are different meanings it can have like crossing over to a better place or to your goal or even risking it because you don’t know where it can lead you. In the end, irony wins because if a bridge is supposed help you go to your goal safely in this case this
Throughout history, a catastrophic bridge failure has occurred about every 330 years. With each failure, our bridges become safer. One such case of a massive collapse that drew national attention was a bridge crossing the Ohio River between Point Pleasant, West Virginia, and Kanauga, Ohio. The Silver Bridge
The story of “A view from the bridge” has a basis on same state of
The question of the century is what is a bridge? According to Google’s definition, it is “a structure carrying a road, path, railroad, or canal across a river, ravine, road, railroad, or other obstacle.” Looking further, it provides passage over obstacles such as valleys, rough terrain or bodies of water by spanning those obstacles with manmade materials. Another question is when did bridges erupt? It is said that the first bridges were believed to be made by nature itself.
Now that man has overcome the obstacle of getting across rivers, canals, and waterways efficiently, it is now time to perfect these human creations so no more mishaps happen. Even though people keep hearing about collapsing bridges, they still use them because it has become a part of their everyday life style. Without bridges, people would have a difficult time getting from one place to another. It could be done by means of a ferry or other boat, but that is time consuming and a real pain in the neck because once a person gets across the river or canal, they would have to walk everywhere. So, without bridges, things would not be the way they are today.
How the Attribution Theory in an attempt to assign meaning/understanding to events on the basis of eith...
In order to understand perception 's effect on communication, it helps to understand how individuals try and make sense of their judgments. The Attribution Theory is one element to this understanding. It helps give reasoning or cause for an action by assigning explanations to events. In other words, it allows an individual to give a reason for the result of an action. Psychological research into attribution began with the work of Fritz Heider in the early part of the 20th century, subsequently developed by others such as Harold Kelley and Bernard Weiner.
Since this event, more attention has been drawn towards other similar experiences with footbridges and has led to the subject being more widely researched. Since 2000, the number of published papers during that decade relating to this subject has increased more than eightfold over that during the previous one, Venuti and Bruno (2009). This also brings to light the possibility of potential problems for bridges that may not have yet experienced high levels of pedestrian loading.
For this bridge its fall was inflicted by an unknown patron. One who’s identity or existence we never see verified. The record of the fall is short in the story described as only being for a moment. Then the bridge was finally introduced to “the sharp rocks which had always gazed up at me so peacefully from the rushing water”. Rocks gazing peacefully? This is almost as absurd as a bridge turning around. An action that the bridge itself cannot seem to believe it is doing. This attempt by the bridge was his final effort before his fall. I cannot even picture how a bridge would turn around and attempt to look on his back. The question that comes to my mind is how can a bridge see what’s on his back? If this book is trying to make us believe that this bridge is a human, or has human like qualities. Then how flexible a person is this bridge? Because I know very few people who can see whats on their back. Especially without turning so much that anything on their back would fall off. So is this bridge so inflexible that it breaks itself by turning around or is it trying to buck off its attacker unintentionally? This answer is never answered due to the story ending shortly thereafter this scene. With the short fall of the bridge onto the sharp rocks it had stared at for the entirety of its life. The events before and during the fall of the bridge was the main issue I had with my thesis that the bridge was
Usually, bridges are used only on small networks, or in case where a repeater should be used. Often switchers are used instead of bridges because offer solution that perform better and create fewer problems.