Rotation of the letter "R"
Psychologists have been interested in the processes that go on in the mind for centuries. However, a new method for assessing the various processes emerged in the 1970's. Several researchers predicted that mental imagery was treated by the brain similarly to actions performed on physical objects. Thus, performance in tasks involving inspection, rotation, and comparison of mental images according to size should be similar to results obtained using actual objects.
Kosslyn, Ball, and Reiser (1978) asked participants to scan a mental map after studying a map of an island with several landmarks. They predicted that the further the distance between the landmarks, the longer it would take participants to scan from one to the next, whether using the actual map or a mental image created by intensive study. Their hypothesis was supported by their results. The closer positions took less time to locate on the participant' mental maps than the more distant places.
In 1973, Cooper and Shepard asked participants to perform a mental rotation task. They gave the participants an image, and asked them to rotate it mentally by a certain angle, and then match the rotated image with one of several choices. Their prediction was that the greater the angle of rotation, the longer the task would take. This was because it would take longer to physically rotate a figure more degrees than fewer degrees. The evidence supported this hypothesis: The closer the angle is to 180 degrees, the longer the reaction time. Angles greater than 180 degrees do not take longer because the subject will rotate it in the other direction. So the angle distance from 180 degrees, called the angle of disparity, is directly related to the reaction time.
The experiment done by the class involves looking at the letter "R" on a computer screen, and determining whether it is forward or reverse. The "R" is rotated at varying degrees, and participants must mentally rotate the "R" in order to determine whether it is forward or reversed. A forward "R" is the letter "R" in its usual orientation. The reversed "R" is backwards from its usual position.
There were several predictions made by the class before the experiment was run. The highest reaction time was predicted to be at the 180 degrees condition, with the lowest reaction time at 0 degrees, increasing in both directions toward 180 degrees. Also, the average reversed-figure reaction time was expected to be higher than the average normal time.
A prominent phenomenon in the field of visual science is the motion after-effect (MAE) which is believed to provide a way of bringing together current knowledge of neurophysiology with a measurable visual phenomenon. The MAE is described as a visual illusion produced by viewing any number of motion types (i.e. lateral or vertical linear, spiral, radial or rotation). By viewing a moving physical object for a period of time until the eyes is adapted to the motion. When the motion of the object is stopped, but viewing remains focussed on the object, the viewer may report a slower, reversed/negative movement of the now stationary object (Mather et al, 1998).
hormone changes in the female body. A male is apt to cycle every two to four years, while
Some of the students may have difficulty with reversal. The instructor talked about the things that we were taught in school comparing it to a watch. The watch no matter what direction that it was turned never changed what it was being called. He talked about Spatial Orientation and gave an example of a lady in a skirt telling her 1st grade students to forget everything that they know, because Spatial Orientation can change depending on how an object is turned, which means that an object’s name can change based off of what it appears to
Sylvia Plath may be one of the most remarkable and idolized modern poets of the twentieth century. Sylvia Plath had an emotional life, and a troublesome past with her father's death, insecurities because of self-doubt, a tragic break up with her husband and severe depression, leading to her suicide in 1963. These tragic events in Plath’s life played a vast part in her career as a poet and novelist, by inspiring her to create her melancholy and notorious masterpieces.
Sajda P. & Finkle, L.H. (1995) Intermediate Visual Representations and the Construction of Surface Perception. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 7, 267-291.
images of each other, so that even if you rotate the shape on the left clockwise by 90°, it won’t match up with the shape on the right. In the mental rotation task, subjects are pre- sented with pairs of 2-D or 3-D shapes, and asked whether they are mirrored or non- mirrored. You are supposed to answer as quickly as possible. It turns out that your reac- tion time is directly proportional to the angle of rotation (Figure 12.4 shows the data from Shepard’s first such experiment). The further apart the shapes are rotated, the longer it takes subjects to respond whether they are mirror images or not. Typically the stimuli stay on the screen while you do the task — it 's not a memory task like the mental map experiment. Mental rotation experiments often use 3-D figures like the ones in Figure 12.5. These are more difficult because they can be rotated in depth as well as within the plane. Interestingly, reaction time doesn 't depend on which axes the shapes are rotated along, it only depends on the total amount of rotation. So, are the shapes in Fig. 12.5 the same or mirror images of each other? It 's a hard task, right?
Sylvia's genuine emotion that shines through her work is rooted deep in her childhood. Sylvia was a perfectly normal child that enjoyed life until at age eight when she lost the closest person to her. Her father, Otto Plath, died from complication with diabetes. (Kehoe 1) Sylvia had been his favorite and hit her the hardest. The toughest part was that because of her age she was not permitted to go to the funeral so she was never able to let go and say goodbye. She never fully recovered and later in life became convinced that the majority of her pain was caused by losing her father. A. Alvarez, a friend and critic, stated years later “The death of her father, whom she loved, who abandoned her, and who dragged her after him into death.” (Kehoe 1) She tried to pick the pieces up and move on. She moved on to become a good student. In all her years of s...
Sylvia Plath’s novels and poems are still widely recognized today. All the success of Sylvia Plath was not enough to help her overcome her depression that eventually caused her to take her life. Although Sylvia Plath lived a short life, she still achieved many accomplishments that are still known today.
The Female reproduction cycle includes seven key parts; FSH, LH, estrogen progesterone, ovulation, menstruation and pregnancy. When fertilization occurs, the egg will begin to divide through mitosis. After several divisions a cluster of cells surrounding the embryo, called a blastocyst implantation .Where they attach to the uterine wall by the secretion of enzymes. Within a few days of this process the uterus will continually divide , the embryo; Releasing hormones to keep the corpus luteum functioning for a few weeks to allow nourishment and protection to reach and line the uterus. Then membrane like chorionic villi are formed to help with protection. These form an essential organ called the placenta; the connection between mother and embryo. This serves as the embryo’s main source of nourishment.
The experiments were quite simple, in that there was a seemingly harmless task to be performed, and the participants were instructed to choose the estimation of the lengths of a line when compared to two ...
The claim being discussed here is that the only way a map or a way of representing things can be useful is if it simplifies the knowledge that the actual territory gives, that is, if it reduces the salient i...
Sylvia Plath was an American poet, novelist, and short-story writer who suffered from depression. The death of her father, when she was only eight years old, was what triggered her depression. And because of that, most of her work revolve around the death of her father and her attempts of suicide. In her poem Lady Lazarus is about her attempts of suicide and how she feels about death. This theme of death and suicide can also be seen in the poems Daddy, which is about her deceased father, and Edge which is about a person who is about to commit suicide. Sylvia plath´s poetry centrally tends to discuss suicide and death as the main subject, which can be exemplified by the poem Lady Lazarus.
It can be concluded that, the estrous cycle is a cycle where the females recur the changes physiologically induced by the reproductive hormones. The cycle begins after the female mature sexually and it is interrupted by the pregnancies. Estrous cycle will continue until the death of the female.
Sylvia Plath was the daughter of Aurelia Schober and Otto Plath. Her mother was a teacher at Boston University and her father was a Bee Entomologist. She had one brother named Warren. Sylvia Plath began writing at a very young at the age of eight. She submitted her first poem into the children’s section of the Boston Herald in 1941. The poem was named “Point Shirley” this story was about the description of her grandparents’ house when she moved to Point Shirley, Massachusetts. A week after she turned eight, her father died on November 5, 1940 due to untreated diabetes after his foot was amputated. She then turned to her writing and sealed herself off from society. She became depressed and tired to commit suicide. She later wrote the poem “Daddy” in 1962, to describe what she thought of her dad.
Blakslee, S. (1993, August 31). The New York Times. Retrieved May 2, 2014, from www.nytimes.com: http://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/31/science/seeing-and-imagining-clues-to-the-workings-of-the-mind-s-eye.html