PNI Pioneer: Robert Ader
Robert Ader, Ph.D., was born in the Bronx, NY on February 20, 1932. He attended the Horace Mann School and later entered Tulane University in 1949. He graduated with a Bachelor of Science in Psychology in 1953 and immediately entering a graduate program at Cornell University where he earned a Ph.D. in psychology. He later works as a part-time instructor in the Department of Psychology and also a part-time instructor in the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry for nearly five decades.
Dr. Ader, the founder of psychoneuroimmunology. His theory is that our brain could significantly affect the ability of the immune system to fight disease. Dr. Ader spent almost his entire
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Ader and his partner Dr. Nicholas Cohen were experimenting about taste aversion involving rats with saccharine-sweetened water and Cytoxan injection (Cytoxan is a chemotherapy drug for cancer, side effects include stomach discomfort and can suppresses the immune system) when they stumbled upon a surprising result. Dr. Ader gave the rats water using an eyedropper. The rats who never received Cytoxan continued to drink the sweetened water normally. Unexpectedly, the rats that were treated with Cytoxan began to die from infections at a significantly rate higher than the rats who was never given it. Ader’s experiment revealed that after Cytoxan injections, the saccharine water alone suppressed the immune system. After many experiments, it confirmed that tasting the sweetened water can have triggered the nervous system to suppress the immune system. Prior to the experiment, many believes that there wasn’t such thing as a neuro-immune connection between the two. This experiment similar to the placebo effect where taking the sugar tablets, you expect to relieve pain triggers changes in the brain that do the relieve pain. After seeing the result, Ader and Cohen went on and confirmed that there are connections between the brain and immune …show more content…
In an interview for the American Institute for Stress, Dr. Ader stated: “It seems to me that basic research on the interaction among behavior, neuroendocrine and immune process has a bright future that promises new developments in our understanding of adaptive process with profound consequences for the maintenance of health and for the treatment disease.” (brightonmc.com). Dr. Ader earned many titles during his career, including the George Engel Professor of Psychosocial medicine (The Engel Award is presented annually for outstanding research contributing to the theory, practice and teaching of effective healthcare communication and related skills). He also continues to work in the field that he has created, psychoneuroimmunology, defending his theory again people who doubted him and continuing to build
Richard Allen was enslaved at birth to a family in Philadelphia of a prominent lawyer and officeholder, Benjamin Chew. Allen was sold with his family to Stokely Sturgis, a farmer in Delaware in 1768. In 1777, Allen experienced a religious conversion to Methodist. And then he later purchased his freedom in 1780. Allen was co-founder of the Free African Society in 1787, he helped many during the Yellow Fever Epidemic of Philadelphia in 1793, and he established Mother Bethel’s African Methodist Episcopal Church in 1816.
Research on taste aversion in rats led to the discovery that suppression of the immune system can be influenced by:
and Lorise Gahring, two neurologists, who were at the time measuring the distribution of glutamate
Although gross medical advancements have allowed the human population to live longer and fuller lives without the threat of death from infectious diseases, it is apparent that we are now dealing with a different phenomenon that may be just as harmful to our health. The impact of psychological, social and environmental factors from our daily lives is having a drastic impression on the mental and physical wellbeing of our society. It has been shown in various studies that psychological and neurological factors influence the immune system and can have an effect on our health (Breedlove, Rosenzweig & Watson, 2010). As we allow various stressors, poisonous substances, unhealthy diets and lack of rest to overwhelm our existence, we are inevitably shortening our life span and killing our bodies.
B. F. Skinner died in 1990. He is stilled looked upon today as one of the most influential behaviorailists. His work is still studied and revered for it's genius. Skinner was an independent thinker who studied everyone, including himself.
B.F. Skinner was born on March 20, 1904 in Susquehanna, Pennsylvania, a small town where he spent his childhood. He was the first-born son of a lawyer father and homemaker mother who raised him and his younger brother. As a young boy, Skinner enjoyed building and used his imaginative mind to invent many different devices. He spent his college years at Hamilton College in New York to pursue a Bachelor’s degree in writing. Following his graduation in 1926, Skinner explored writings of Pavlov, Russell, and Watson, three influential men in the field of behavioral psychology. After two years as a failed writer, Skinner applied to Harvard University to earn his Ph.D. in psychology.
Dr. Sameer Jejurikar, M.D., is a plastic surgeon specialist for the Dallas Plastic Surgery Institute, located in Dallas, Texas. He absolutely loves what he does, which shows in the great results he regularly provides for his patients. Dr. Jejurikar performs many cosmetic plastic surgery procedures including tummy tuck, breast augmentation, mommy makeover, liposuction, and more.
"Alexander Graham Bell." Monkeyshines On Health & Science (1999): 28. Science Reference Center. Web. 24 Apr. 2014.
Defining first Ralph M. Steinman’s discovery of dendritic cells as “remarkable for its implications, both for science and for him personally,” and then his fellow researchers as “the friends he made along the way,” Harmon clearly notes the human and personal aspects of medical discovery with regards to the researchers themselves. This is similar to the introduction of the same or similar elements in general scientific discovery, and has a similar effect on the discovery itself. Within both realms being discussed, the human aspect on the researchers’ side results in research and discoveries that the scientists are exceedingly engaged and invested in. However, where Harmon’s work differs from what can be observed within general scientific discovery is what needs further examination. A main topic that this difference occurs around is rigor. This is not to say that general scientific discovery does not follow rigorous guidelines and parameters—“carefully collecting data, evaluating the evidence, and doing out instructions,” as Steinman does is expected in medicinal and general science alike—it is simply to note that a human aspect contributed from the side of research subject (that cannot be contributed to general scientific discovery) is contributed to medicinal scientific discovery. For instance, Steinman’s participation in Charles Nicolette’s trial required approval from the FDA,
...le to a disorder under some circumstances (pg 471). Stress can also cause immunosupression, which inhibits the immune system, making it more likely that the individual will become ill (pg 472). In comparison to Dr. Siegel’s video, the key to happiness may be mindfulness and taking life in during the moment. Many people think too much about the past or future and miss the present moment.
A German physician named Alois Alzheimer, who is a pioneer linked symptoms to microscopic brain changes. The first person he got to work with, to discover dementia, was a woman named Auguste D. He noticed that she had profound memory loss along with other worsening
Kimble, G. A., Wertheimer, M., and White, C. L. (1991) Portraits of Pioneers in Psychology, Volume I. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
At Wesleyan University, Edward Thorndike’s junior year psychology course was merely a requirement for completing his degree and claimed it offered no spark of inspiration. The desire to pursue psychology came later through required readings from chapters in William James’ book Principles of Psychology. After graduation from Wesleyan University, an opportunity presented itself to Thorndike to work under James at Harvard for his graduate degree. He continued his education under the supervision of James McKeen Catell at Columbia University and in 1898 completed his Ph.D..
His studies were the beginning of the new field of psychoneuroimmunology, which examines the relationships between the mind (psyche), brain (neuro), and immune system (immunology). Research progressed further in the 1960's and early 1970's when a physician named Herbert Benson studied the effects of meditation on blood pressure, and when psychologist Robert Adar showed that mental and emotional cues affect immunity.... ... middle of paper ... ...
A Portuguese neurologist Egas Moniz experimented with the fact that, the frontal lobes led to psychiatric disease. Disrupting these connections could lead to a cure. He performed this 1935, he injected the white frontal lobes with alcohol. In 1949 he received the Nobel Prize for this new discovery. This new procedure spread like wild fire throughout the U.S. By 1950 286 hospitals were using this procedure on 18,000 patients.