Introduction Rabies is one of the oldest known infectious diseases known to man. Its historical background is related to the rise of civilizations, the growth of cities worldwide, and the contact with wildlife and the domestication of different kinds of animals. The term “rabies” has been around since 3000 B.C., with the name being Latin for “fury”, “madness”, and “rage” (Williamson, 2010). Consequently, rabies have infected many animals and humans for thousands of years, and in this essay rabies will be further evaluated. Topics relating to rabies, such as its causative agent, epidemiology, transmission, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and control measures will be discussed in order to further explain the gruesome …show more content…
The causative agent of rabies is the rabies virus, which has helical symmetry with infectious particles that are cylindrical in shape (Williamson, 2010). The cylindrical shape of the rabies virus gives it a striated appearance, and are surrounded by bullet-shaped envelopes. The rabies genome encodes five proteins: nucleoprotein (N), phosphoprotein (P), matrix protein (M), glycoprotein (G) and polymerase (L). The arrangement of these proteins and the RNA genome determine the structure of the rabies virus. (“The Rabies Virus”, …show more content…
The diagnosis or animals can be determined by taking any part of the infected brain, but it has to be taken from the brain stem and cerebellum. There are many diagnostic tests from animals, such as mouse inoculation technique, tissue culture infection technique, direct fluorescent antibody, and polymerase chain reaction (Yousaf, 2012). Clinical diagnosis of rabies is divided by three stages; prodromal, excitement, and paralytic (though not all of these stages can be observed in an individual). The initial clinical symptom is neuropathic pain that is located at the site of infection or wound due to viral replication. After the prodromal phase, either the excitement stage, the paralytic stage, or both, of the disease may be observed in the particular species (Yousaf, 2012). In the United States, the results of a rabies test are typically available within 24 to 72 hours after an animal is collected and euthanized. Roughly 120,000 animals or more are tested for rabies each year in the United States, and approximately 6% are found to be rabid (“Diagnosis”,
Almost 2,000 died the night of the 1928 storm in Florida. Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston realistically depicts the Okeechobee hurricane that struck the coast of South Florida. The incredulous, category four storm produced winds as high as 150 mph and flood waters of up to eight feet. Hurston describes their heart wrenching experience throughout the end of the novel when Janie, the protagonist of the story, survives the devastating hurricane with her husband, Tea Cake. The book shows similarities between the overflow of Lake Okeechobee and the specific weather conditions of the hurricane, but differs regarding the aftermath of the storm.
Josh Boylan, Crawford County Coon Club President states, “Raccoons are one of the smartest animals”. As a veteran coon hunter, he has encountered numerous amounts of raccoon. Not only does he say that raccoons are one of the smartest, he also states they are one of the meanest animals that he has encountered in close quarters, “They will attack anything, they may get there ass kicked in some of the battles, but they will give it hell.”
They may believe that this is in everyone’s best interest to choose whether or not to get their pet revaccinated. However, there are always limitations or exceptions to this argument. There have been cases where a veterinarian has told them that they do not need to have the animal revaccinated and unfortunately, fate gets to the animal first. The animal has come into contact with the rabies disease and now the owner is in a bad situation and of course, immediately blames the vet for the situation that they are currently experiencing. The said owner of this personal narrative did end up suing the vet and the vet did get in trouble for her ‘wrongful misquoting.’ Because of stories like this that have happened before, some vets are very cautious when they tell people their opinions. A veterinarian is still a human being and mistakes will be made. Mistakes are not preventable and their education and knowledge was not always enough to go against the game of life. As a partial solution to this problem, veterinarians have resulted to keeping their opinions to themselves and following what they were taught in school all of those years ago. In graduate school, the veterinarian students are taught to follow the vaccination schedule and follow it right on the dot when it comes to the dates as well as the time of year! Some people are more fond of this method so that they are not taking any unnecessary risks; while
During the third decade of the 20th Century, fee roaming dogs resulted in a dog overpopulation problem, and with it came an increase of rabies; a very real threat to public health. As a result of this problem, state legislators began to establish county rabies and control programs. In Arizona, dogs must be vaccinated against rabies and licensed. Cats are not included in the mandate because cats are not a proven vector for the rabies virus. Maricopa County’s dog licensing program has effectively reduced the incidence of rabies in dogs to the level that naturally occurs in cats, which is very rare.
Rabies is a deadly virus that occurs in the brain. It can affect all mammals but the ones that are most commonly found with the virus are dogs, bats, raccoons, skunks, and coyotes. This means that any non-mammal can not contract the virus, such as fish, birds, and reptiles (2). The virus can be contracted by humans with saliva transfer with broken skin contact from an animal which has the disease. As this is the most common form of transferring the disease it is very believable that Tea Cake contracts the virus from the wild dog that “managed to bite [him] high up on his cheek bone once” (1). The rabies virus works by being a bullet shaped virus that directly attacks th...
Rabies is a zoonotic disease dating back to ancient times. The origin of the word rabies could either be from the Sanskrit word, rabhas, which means ‘‘to do violence,’’ or from the Latin rabere, meaning ‘‘to rage or rave.’’ (Kumar, 2009). In the beginning people thought applying the hair of a rabid dog, or applying a glowing hot metal rod to the wound would cure the disease this caused other infections. In some countries people would kill themselves or others if bit by a rabid dog, this was band in some countries. (Kumar, 2009). Medicine stones were used in North America to try and draw out the infection. In 1885 an outbreak of rabies occurred in Newark, NJ involving six children and several dogs.
The symptoms in humans are flu-like symptoms, anything ranging from fever to headache. After a few days after exposure, the human will experience the symptoms of clinical rabies: anxiety, confusion, agitation, hallucinations, and also insomnia (CDC). These symptoms may last two to ten days. Once the clinical symptoms have appeared the fatality rate is very high. To date, there have only been six cases of survival from the clinical stage of rabies (CDC). Incubation period ranges form ten days to one year, but the average is 20 days. Also bites closer to the brain will progress faster and bites in the lower appendages will take longer to spread (Mayo Clinic Proceedings).
To diagnose Lyme Disease, you can take these tests--Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA) test and the Western Blot test. The Western Blot test is administered to follow up a positive result of the EIA test. It is not recommended to take just the Western Blot test because there is a risk of misdiagnosis and improper treatment. Patients with swollen joints or neurological symptoms are advised to have a PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) test. Fluid is drawn from either the infected joint or the spine. This test can detect bacterial DNA.
... he could find a stable one. After a lot of research and experimenting Pasteur came to the realization that over time, injecting the vaccine numerous times had actually began to kill the infectious microbes. This was the beginning of inactivated vaccines. After many years of testing, Pasteur decided it was time to try out his vaccine on a human. According to Encyclopedia Britannica (2013.), Pasteur tried out his vaccine on a little boy who had been bitten by a dog with rabies in the year of 1885. His attempt was extremely successful and Pasteur’s name was spread all over the world. The vaccine was used to treat many other victims of the rabies disease and saved many lives. Without this vaccine many people would have and would continue to die from Rabies without any chance at all. This vaccine was one of the biggest accomplishments for the world of medicine to date.
They can catch any diseases the animals may carry. People are introduced to rabies, herpes B virus, and salmonella, which are diseases that are carried by exotic animals (Should Wild). The United States every year record about 93,000 crisis concerning salmonella (Born). Salmonella is transported and discarded on the faces of more than half of the reptile population (Born). About ten thousand people contracts salmonella from amphibians, therefore; The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention advocated that these animals should not be in homes with children under the age of five (Should Wild). The herpes B virus can be terminal for humans, which is frequently found in macaque monkeys. About 25 percent of the macaque monkeys have or had the virus (ASPCA). Exotic animals behaviors can change along with the seasons or their life cycle, so they hardly bond with their owners, so they may attack (ASPCA). Humans are attacked each year by exotic animals, they are mauled by tigers, attacked by monkeys, and also bitten by snakes (A Life). Private ownership of exotic animals is opposed by the American Veterinary Medical Association, the United States Department of Agriculture, and a few more associations (A Life). Thousands of tigers are being kept as pets because they are so cheap to buy (Born). Exotic animals can be sold at auctions or pet stores and can even be sold from backyard breeding (Born). To help decrease the
Raccoons (Procyon lotor) are members of the family Procyonidae that occupy a geographic range spanning from southern Canada to Panama and includes islands near the coasts (Lotze and Anderson 1979). P. lotor has pointed foxlike snout offsets its round face, which highlighted by a distinctive black bandit’s mask across the eyes. Their body is typically also round, that can also be classified as a pear shape in certain positions. Its tail bushy and it is striped with an alteration of black and dark bands (Zeveloff 2002).
Rabies is a highly infectious viral disease that can easily ruin and eventually end the lives of both humans and animals alike. Rabies comes in two forms for animals. It comes in the form of paralytic rabies, which is the kind that puts you in paralysis right from the beginning, skipping the symptoms of agitation and excitability. Rabies also appears in the form of furious rabies, which is completely different in the way that it makes the victim restless, vicious and agitated. When humans get rabies, their symptoms start out with simple headaches and fevers and later progresses to terrible things such as becoming hydrophobic because of painful throat spasms and paralysis. A definite diagnosis of rabies needs lab analysis of saliva and brain tissue to detect the virus. However, rabies cannot be diagnosed during the incubation period. This means that the definitive diagnosis is only possible late in the disease or after the victim’s death
Rabies is an acute viral disease that can be transmitted from wild animals to unvaccinated pets and livestock, as well as to humans. It is caused by the rabies virus, which is present in the saliva of infected animals, and is transmitted through infected through the bite of a rabid animal. Once infection occurs, the virus spreads to the central nervous system and causes inflammation in the brain . Rabies is almost always fatal. Rabies kills more than 35,000 people every year, mostly in Asia, Africa, and Latin America.It is rare for people in the United States or Canada to get rabies. It is more common in developing nations. People usually get rabies when a rabid animal bites them. People in the U.S. and Canada are most likely to get rabies from bats. Bats, raccoons, skunks, foxes, and coyotes are the animals most likely to have rabies in the U.S. and Canada. Small mammals such as mice and squirrels almost never have rabies. Pets that stay indoors are very unlikely to get rabies. If you think you've been exposed to the rabies virus, it's very important to get medical care before symptoms begin.