RSA encryption
All over the world there are millions of people use credit card and on-line shopping. Every individual gets different numbers for credit card and for transcription of on-line-shopping. Where did all this number come from? Are the numbers in order? No, those numbers are made by RSA algorithm.
RSA encryption is the foundation of public key cryptography security products. For example, credit card companies use the RSA algorithm for customers’ individual online WebPages. The credit card companies publish a big number on WebPages, which is made by big prime numbers using the RSA algorithm. Since neither computers nor people can factor such big numbers, the RSA encryption system has secured many customers’ information.
The RSA encryption is related to the cipher of Julius Caesar (1300s) that shifts three letters to encode messages. The cipher of Julius Caesar was used in war to send messages securely. Here is how Caesar encodes his message using the cipher. First Caesar assigned A through Z to 0 through 25. For instance A is zero. Second, add three to each numbers.
Then, Caesar changed number into Alphabet again. The problem of the cipher of Julius Caesar is that it can be easily decoded by anyone because shifting three letters is not that hard to decode. However, the RSA system is much safer than the Caesar system because the RSA system uses huge numbers made by two big prime numbers using a special formula. RSA is named after three researchers( Ronald Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Leonard Adelman) from MIT. They searched for implementation to complete PKC system and found the RSA system among 40 candidates of formulas.
PKC is the enabling technology for all Internet security and the increasing use of digital signatures, which are replacing traditional signatures in many contexts. However, RSA is better than PKC because RSA doesn’t need digital signature. As a result, the RSA algorithm turned out to be a perfect fit for the implementation of a practical public security system. In 1977, Martin Gardner first introduced the RSA system. After 5 years, company RSA used secure electronic security products. Nowadays many credit companies of all over the world use the RSA system or a similar system based on the RSA system.
Why is the RSA system considered to be secure? As I mentioned before, neither computers nor people can factor really big numbers. Although the computer is suitable for calculating huge numbers, computers can’t factor numbers made by the RSA algorithm.
The sender would type the message in plaintext (not encrypted) and the letters would be illuminated on a glass screen. With the press of each typewriter key the rotor would shift 1/26 of a revolution giving each letter a different encryption each time, which made the code so difficult to crack. Due to the complexity of the code the enigma became very useful for the Germans for radioing messages to u-boats. The cipher was finally broken when the British were able to capture some key documents from a German warship.
What is encryption? Encryption is a technological technique that protects and secures the transfer of plain text information between two sources through the use of the internet. This is done by rearranging the text using a mathematical algorithm that renovates the message into an indecipherable form, which can only be unlocked and translated with a use of a key. The strength of the encryption key is measured by its length, which is determined by the number of bits and by the type of encryption program.
Julius Caesar, even though he is considered great, turns out to contain many flaws. He believes himself to be untouchable, and has a confidence that he cannot be harmed, even though that is not the case. He says so when he says, “Caesar shall forth. The things that threatened me ne’er looked but on ...
For any RSA public/private key triple, (e, d, n), the key mathematical fact is that the encryption and decryption functions are inverses of one another. That is, if
The RSA cryptosystem, imagined by Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Len Adleman , was pitched in the August 1977 issue of Scientic American. The cryptosystem is generally ordinarily utilized for giving security and guaranteeing legitimacy of advanced information. Nowadays RSA is sent in numerous business frameworks. It is utilized by web servers and programs to secure web traffic, it is used to guarantee security and legitimacy of Email, it is utilized to secure remote login sessions, and it is at the heart of electronic Visa installment frameworks. In short, RSA is much of the time utilized within provisions where security of advanced information is a worry.
RSA is the encryption and network security division of EMC, assisting top organizations to solve complex IT security challenges. RSA’s products and mission consist of a combinations of business-critical controls, encryption, and tokenization to secure access to organizations IS infrastructure. The Security Division offers a wide range of two-factor authentication solutions to help organizations assure user identities and meet regulatory compliance requirements. The authentication keys come in a variety of forms such as hardware and software authenticators that can be applied to a range of computer devices.
The act provided the opportunity for secure-online transactions development within the e-commerce community, enabling the development of digital signatures, and provided the frame work for regulations of digital signatures by certification authorities. The establishment of this Act, and the technology that developed because of the act, has added a level of security for individuals. The digital signature utilizes hash cryptographic algorithms, utilizing what a user’s pin (signature) to sign electronically. Uniform Computer Information Transactions
During World War II, the German Nazis set off a boom in cryptanalysis by creating a revolutionary invention, known as, Enigma. The Enigma machine operated by having someone enter a message and then (using permutations) scramble it around with the use of three to five rotors. To encrypt a message for an Enigma with three-rotors, they used the following equation: ; with P being the plugboard transformation, U being the reflector, and L,M, and R being the left, middle, and right rotors. This scrambled message was then sent to a receiver who had to decipher the message by recreating the exact setting of the rotors from the sender's machine. However, the code, which has 158 quintillion different settings, was eventually broken by the Allies and used against the German Nazis as an advantage. And to show how confident the Germans were with this machine, until recently they still had no idea that the Allies had even cracked their code.
Julius Caesar was born on the 13th day of the month Quintilis (now July) in the year of 100 B.C. His full name was Gaius Julius Caesar, the same as his father's name. Gaius was his given name and Julius was his surname. Caesar was the name of one branch of the Julian family. Its original meaning was "hairy.” Caesar's family was not prominent, but they claimed to be descended from Venus as well as the kings of Alba Langa. In spite of that fiction, Caesar was well connected through his relatives and received some important government assignments during his youth. Julius Caesar was the dictator of Rome from 61-44 BC. At the time of his birth, Rome was still a republic and the empire was only beginning. Caesar made his way to be considered a head of Rome by 62 BC, but many of the senate felt him a dangerous, ambitious man. The senate did their best to keep him out of consulship. He finally became consul in 59 BC. In Caesar, they saw only the threat of a king, a word that was linked with the word “tyrant” that is cruel or unjust rule.
He only died after he was stabbed thirty-three times by the conspirators. And death does not count as a change. Another thing is that Caesar didn’t take part in all major conflicts and didn’t start any of them either. Therefore, Caesar does not have all of the characteristics a protagonist should have and could not possibly be the protagonist of the
My knowledge has grown over the past six years, outwith the areas of learning offered by school courses, and I see this course as an opportunity to gain new skills and broaden my knowledge further. My main interests are varied, including communications and the internet, system analysis and design, software development, processors and low level machine studies. I have recently developed an interest in data encryption, hence my active participation in the RSA RC64 Secret-Key challenge, the latest international de-encryption contest from the RSA laboratories of America.
Focus on the things happening around the world, you need to understand the importance of information security, what is one thing, the need for security requirements and security related tools and technologies. In order to succeed in the highly competitive e-commerce market, companies must fully understand the security threats of the Internet, take to overcome their technological advantage and win the trust of customers. For businesses serious about e-commerce solution is to implement a complete e-commerce trust basis. PKI encryption and digital signature technology, Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) digital certificate provides authentication, data integrity and privacy necessary for e-commerce applications.
In this era when the Internet provides essential communication between tens of millions of people and is being increasingly used as a tool for security becomes a tremendously important issue to deal with, So it is important to deal with it. There are many aspects to security and many applications, ranging from secure commerce and payments to private communications and protecting passwords. One essential aspect for secure communications is that of cryptography. But it is important to note that while cryptography is necessary for secure communications, it is not by itself sufficient. Cryptography is the science of writing in secret code and is an ancient art; In the old age people use to send encoded message which can be understand by the receiver only who know the symbolic and relative meaning of that encoded message .The first documented use of cryptography in writing dates back to circa 1900 B.C. Egyptian scribe used non-standard hieroglyphs in an inscription. After writing was invented cryptography appeared spontaneously with applications ranging from diplomatic missives to war-time battle plans. It is no surprise, then, that new forms of cryptography came soon after the widespread development of computer communications. In telecommunications and data cryptography is necessary when communicating in any untrusted medium, which includes any network, particularly the Internet [1].Within the context of any application-to-application communication, there are some security requirements, including:
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This paper will discuss how the Smart Card has evolved and changed the way independent consumers and companies have implemented smart card usage into their daily activities. Additionally, it will compare the advantages and disadvantages. Case in point, a Smart Card can be used to allow people to gain entry into their work place, a gated community or pay for merchandise without using cash.