1) What is resource allocation?
In networking protocols layers a lot of data is transferred between different processes across a heterogeneous network. Also lot of resources are shared like bandwidth of links or the routers in buffers, where there can be many packets which are queued for transmitting from different processes. It can happen that too many packets are on same link and the queue overflows where packets can be lost or even they need to be dropped. Thus to avoid this congestion resource allocation is done.
2) What is congestion control?
When too many packets are present on a link or if the load on network is more than its capacity then congestion occurs. Congestion control is controlling the traffic on networks to avoid collapse in links and nodes or overload conditions and taking measures such as reducing rate of packets.
3) Compare Congestion Control and Flow control.
Congestion control involves reduced sending of packet data because of avoiding overflow and lack of resources.
Flow control involves keeping fast sender to protect over running a slow receiver.
Congestion control controls data flow when actual congestion occurs which control data entering a network.
Flow control controls speed of transmission so that receiver is able to handle data which is sent by sender.
Congestion control is more complicated than flow control.
4) What is a flow?
A flow is a sequence of packets which are sent from a source or from a destination which follows the same route through a network. It is mainly used in resource allocation. Also flow can have different granularities. For example: Host to host flow or process to process flow.
5) A.) Describe the difference between best effort and QO’S.
Regarding to the se...
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... resources they require. Thus these reservations are expressed in terms of rate based control.
Best effort uses feedback based systems as it does not allow users to reserve network capacity. Hence QOS implies route based service control model.
7) Compare RED and WRED
In weighted random early detection that is WRED for different priorities different probabilities are present. Also more than 2 drop probability curve can be generalized. DSCP field is mostly used to pick one of the curves which can help in providing different classes of service. A single queue can have many different queue thresholds. It is mostly suited for congestion avoidance.
Random early detection is a queuing discipline for scheduling of networks. The average queue size is seen and packets are dropped depending on statistical probability.
RED does not contain QOS whereas WRED provide QOS.
Multiplexing will gather the data from the source host and give that data some header information. This data will be created into segments by demultiplexing and then be sent to the 3rd layer (Network layer). So to summarize multiplexing will gather data and give it header information and demultiplexing will create segments and sent them to the network layer. Now with flow control that will relate with multiplexing, mainly because it can take multiple data streams and combine them into one shared stream, making that a form of data flow control. Now as far as error checking that will relate to the frames of the data. The logical link control will use a frame check sequence (FCS) to check the frame to see if there is any problems with it. If it detects an error during the frame check sequence then the frame will be discarded and the data will be passed on to the network layer. With this all being said this will mainly be used in the OSI model since the logical link control is the sub-layer for the data link layer. (The other sub layer being MAC) Without the logical link control or 802.2 then the data link layer wouldn’t function
A state variable known as congestion window is implemented by the TCP protocol which stops the clogging of the network by regulating and putting a limit on the data that is sent on the network in turn reducing congestion, timeouts and lost packets.
When there is loss of packet, the sender doesn’t wait for the time out and resends the packets immediately using the mechanism of fast recovery and fast retransmit.
If the network is badly congested than the ACK for the combined set of packets can be delayed. As the source using the Nagle algorithm awaits the ACK it can introduce an inadvertent additional latency (Wikipedia,
What does TCP mean? TCP is a set of rules that governs the delivery of data over the internet or other network that uses the Internet Protocol, and sets up a connection between the sending and receiving computers.
future generations, it has slowly helped preserve the land. Regulating the land from overgrazing through means of federal land permits and fines. Its goal was to limit the amount of overused land to sustain the land’s productivity, which it has done quite well with the assistance of their Resource Management Plan or RMP. The RMP consist of :
Each user picks an allocated pool of the netbatch, the class of machines to run the jobs on and a queue slot priority flag defined by qslot and submits a computing job. Pool is a set of machines that can run NetBatch jobs. Each pool consists of one master machine and a number of servers. The master machine monitors the status of all machines in the pool, such as processor load, number of interactive users, Qslot weights, and queues the jobs submitted, and schedules the jobs on the servers . Classes are a mechanism that allows users to match jobs with suitable machines.
Cianfrani, A., Eramo, V., Listanti, M., Polverini, M., & Vasilakos, A.V. (2012). An OSPF-integrated routing strategy for Qos-aware energy saving in IP backbone networks. IEEE Transactions on Network & Service Management, 9(3), 254. doi: 10.1109/TNSM.2012.031512.110165
Queues are sequences in which people are awaiting their turn to be served. Queueing is very common in all fields of life. It essentially happens when there are entities who arrive for a service. For example, railway stations, banks, airlines, telecommunication companies, hospitals, and supermarkets, all have queues involved in them. Studying queuing is important because from toilets in a house to restaurants, we all have to wait and this affects our productivity and involves several costs associated with it.
Over time, the word “queue” has been developed to hold several meanings, some of which are more commonly used than others. Although it may have more than one meaning, it is commonly believed the word only contains one use. However, the word is capable of describing several objects in the English language.
Congestion is when the physical capacity of the roads cannot meet the excess demand of vehicles.... ... middle of paper ... ... In analyzing all the traffic congestion policies, I believe this policy alternative will have the greatest impact in reducing traffic congestion.
Advanced Network Planning provisions effective utilization of all network resources affecting network capacity, including both physical and logical constraints, network configuration, IP addresses and all types of network elements. Capacity Planning tools help to predict and avoid resource and capacity shortages.
TCP/IP is a network model which enables the communication across the Internet. The most fundamental protocol on which the Internet is built. This is made up of the 2 common networking protocols, TCP, for Transmission Control Protocol, and IP, for Internet Protocol. TCP maintains and handles packet flow linking the systems and IP protocol has the ability to handle the routing of packets. However The TCP/IP stack consists of 5 layers first being application layer, the transport layer, then the network layer, the link layer and finally the physical layer. The assignment focuses on the three middle layers and is divided into five parts. Firstly explaining how the TCP and UDP the most vital protocols needed to deliver and communicate.
Scheduled Tribes who inhabit isolated mountainous regions were not appropriated into the agriculture based kingdoms of the plains, in the absence of easy communication and transport facilities. Kosambi identifies the spread of Brahmanism and its rigid subordination of individual to social function with the spread of a more productive agrarian order. According to the Census of 2001, the Scheduled Tribes, constitute 8.1% of the Indian population. In absolute terms, this comes to some 83.6 million people, classified under 461 different communities. They are spread over the entire country but are most heavily concentrated in central, eastern and north-eastern India. Two broad types of scheduling viz. area based and community based exist for tribes. Areas under the Fifth Schedule belong to nine major states of western and central region extending from Maharashtra on the West to Jharkhand in the East. Vulnerable tribal populations of some states are left out however, such as in West Bengal, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala. The Sixth Schedule applies to tribal areas in states of the North East.
...he flow to pass through the pipes. There are different types of the valves with different sizes, and each valve has several features that make suitable for different process. The most important feature is the efficiency.