Pyrotechnics is defined as the art of manufacturing or setting of fireworks. There are many different forms of pyrotechnics. Some consider fireworks dangerous, obnoxious bursts of noise; others consider them beautiful, artful displays of light. Either way you look at it, pyrotechnics is an interesting and dangerous hobby. Many colors and designs may be created by the placement of different compounds in distinct areas of the fireworks, either projectile or stationary ones.
Some of the many different colors of the visible spectrum that can be easily recreated are; yellow, orange, red, green, and blue. The shades of yellow and orange can be easily recreated by the use of sodium or calcium chlorate. Red is easily attainable by the burning of SrCl. The burning of BaCl creates a very bright green. The burning of copper chlorate creates the blues. It would be extremely easy if we could just place these in the fireworks and have them work, however, the emitting molecules, especially SrCl and BaCl, are so reactive that they cannot be packed directly into a firework. To generate them, we need pyrotechnic compositions designed to generate the above molecules, to evaporate them into the flame and to keep them at as high temperature as possible to achieve maximum light output. To get good colors, there must be substantial amounts of emitters present in the flame. The emitters are not alone: in order to achieve the high temperature, a fuel - oxidizer system is also needed, as well as some additional ingredients.
The colors of aerial fireworks come invariably from stars, small pellets of firework composition which contain all the necessary ingredients for generating colored light or other special effects. They may be as tiny as peas or as large as strawberries. A typical red star might contain
Potassium perchlorate, 67% by weight
Strontium carbonate 13.5%
Pine root pitch (fuel) 13.5%
Rice starch (binder) 6%
In order to launch these beautiful displays into the sky, one must shoot them by means of a mortar or a rocket attached to the firework. To use a mortar, you must pack a propellant into the mortar and then place your firework inside. The subsequent explosion luanchs the mortar ball (your firework) into the sky, where it is free to explode in a 360 degree display of chemistry. Some fireworks are stationary, where all that is desired is a loud bang. Some of the best stationary fireworks are just straight, packed black powder in a small, sealed container (i.
The Armenian genocide ruins Vahan Kenderian’s picture-perfect life. Vahan is the son of the richest Armenian in Turkey and before the war begins, he always has food in his belly and a roof over his head in the book Forgotten Fire by Adam Bagdasarian. Life is absolutely quintessential for Vahan, until the war starts in 1915, when he endures many deaths of his family, losses of his friends, and frightening experiences in a short amount of time. He is a prisoner of war early in the book and is starved for days. As he goes through life, he is very unlucky and experiences other deaths, not just the deaths of his family. Vahan ultimately becomes the man his family would want him to be.
The first two acts of this film are truly inspiring because they capture the "fire" of the environmental movement. It chronologically begins by discussing the origins of conservative environmentalists, to documenting the details of successful environmental movements, and concluding by explaining the merging of civil rights with environmentalists. Ultimately, “A Fierce Green Fire “serves as a dynamic call for the continuing action of protecting and conserving our biosphere.
Glow sticks get their “glow” when two chemicals are mixed together because of a chemical reaction. The chemical reaction is called Chemiluminescence. A Typical glow stick has a plastic tube with a smaller inner tube inside. There are three components, two chemicals and a fluorescent dye which accepts the energy and helps covert to light. There is more than one way to make a glow stick, but the most common uses a solution of hydrogen peroxide and phenyl oxalate ester along with the fluorescent dye. The hydrogen peroxide is in its own compartment away from the other two components until ready to use. The fluorescent dye is what determines the subsequent color of the glow stick when the chemical solutions are combined.
The glaze coating could be a variety of colors, depending on the minerals used. Turquoise was the most common color.
Other igniters exist but are not recommended as highly as the charcoal grill sparker. The Colmen lantern spin lighter which use a flint and striker can become gummed up with some fuels and is not recommended for use in spud guns which will use hairspray as a primary fuel. This lighter must have new flints installed when they run out. This type of lighter also will fail to function when wet with fuel. The flame style barbecue lighter is a click lighter that produces a small-sustained flame. This lighter rarely misfires but is very hard to install given the high pressures it would be subjected to. Also the fuel in the lighter it self must be refilled. Some Spud Guns use a spark plug and battery setup that involves more work as well as more components. The benefits of this style of ignition system is that you have the ability to remote detonate the fuel from a safe distance. By far the push button charcoal grill sparker is the recommended igniter. It is cheap, effective, relatively easy to install and long lasting.
Catching Fire: How Coooking Made us Human by Richard Wrangham is a fresh perspective on the evolution of humankind. Wrangham has made a concentrated effort to prove that humans have evolved particular adaptations, like bipedalism, due to the introduction of cooked foods into their diet. In his book, he is legitimately arguing that humans are the way they are because early on in human evolution, early man discovered fire, discovered the joys of cooked foods, and developed all sorts of fascinating traits still being utilized today.
Sitting by a fire on a fall night one would not think of a campfire as cold light. Could there be such a thing? “Cold light” is what the word luminescence means (Fluorescent Mineral Society, 1 of 2). Cold light can be seen at many different temperatures. Not only does cold light exist, but there are several types of luminescence including bioluminescence or “living light”, photoluminescence or fluorescence, “day-glow”, and phosphorescence which is delayed luminescence or “afterglow” (Fluorescent Mineral Society, 1 of 2). Chemiluminescence is when two or more chemicals mix and react to create light energy.
The paragraph above relates to model rockets because our rockets motor is made up of a special fuel. The fuels two reactants are Potassium Nitrate and sugar or sucrose. When these two reactants are mixed together and ignited they create a violent combustion. When my rocket is launched it will have it’s fuel ignited. The two reactants will combust and produce an exhaust that pushes the rocket forward.
Since man’s first experiences with fire we have longed to control it and we wished to will it to do our bidding. For very long we failed mostly, and we still do sometimes, but with the trials and experiments we have done and died doing, we succeed now, mostly. The first formula that is still written down of an “explosive or pyrotechnic composition” are the three examples of gunpowder in the 1044A.D. Chinese military guide Wujing Zongyao which showed a few uses of this powder they had experimented with for near a hundred years. The most used formula from it was approximately 50% KNO3, also known as Saltpeter in those times, and formally called Potassium nitrate today, ~25% S, Sulfur, and ~25% carbonaceous matter (mostly charcoal and compounds mixed with impure sulfur); the other formulas move the percentages for the KNO3 around 10-15%, S 5-10%, and carbonaceous 7-20% to adjust burn rates and usefulness in certain situations. The likely only reason gunpowder was ever invented was the Chinese’s wish to live long, and their many mixtures of elixirs, which was what gunpowder was intended to be used as (more-pyrotechnics.com). “Within 200 years China had several crude weapons, mostly huge iron or alternative metal barrels and maybe a wooden grip but with no aiming attachment. They also had very many types of fireworks using no telling how many formulae for devices ranging in size, color, and purpose. People in Europe hear of this powder and its power, and then slowly find out more“(more-pyrotechnics.com). Then by 300 years they had better arsenals, larger cannons that actually worked well, and better, lighter barrels. The Indians and Islamic nations have made use of this by now, neither surpassing China’s previous ones nor Europe’s futu...
(B) any weapon that is designed or intended to cause death or serious bodily injury through the release, dissemination, or impact of toxic or poisonous chemicals, or their precursors;
Gunpowder was first used by the Chinese to light fireworks. Gunpowder changed the way people will fight in wars forever. It was used in artillery and hand-held guns. Instead of using arrows, people could easily shoot a gun. Early guns were lit by a match and therefore it took a long time to light the match. Gunpowder was also used in bombs. The mixture consisted of charcoal and iron pieces. The bombs would then be catapulted forward to the enemy and then explode. BY the late 1300s, gunpowder had reached the European nations and was used in the French and English military.
Fireflies produce what is called a “cold light” with no ultraviolet frequencies. They produce a light that comes from their lower abdomen that can range in colors such as yellow, green or a pale red. The fireflies take in oxygen and combine it calcium, adenosine triphosphate and luciferin to produce light that contains almost no heat. There are several uses for this light but in most cases it is used for the purpose of finding and catching a mate. Male will flash for every five seconds and the female will flash every two second. There are some fireflies that do not produce light those species are day-fliers such as the Ellychnia, which uses pheromones to signal their mates.
It was not long after the sun set that the city’s organizers of the festival announced the event that everybody had been waiting for. All the younger kids got really excited and ran as far up as they could, the crowd started to settle, and each and everyone of us prepared our necks looking towards the eastern end. Soon loud music began and the fireworks began to soar through the sky! People were in “oooohs” and “ahhhs” every time as soon as rocket would go up and explode in front of a dark canvas, the night sky. The fireworks were in sync with the music and produced a plethora of colorful designs that lit the sky. Although the whole event lasted under 15 minutes, it was by far one of the most wonderful experiences to any party. People let out a sigh once the fireworks display was over and a thunderous applause
Type of gaseous particles (atoms of oxygen and nitrogen) and the altitude of the colliding are making many different colors of auroras at altitudes from 20 to 200 miles above the earth 's surface. The common colors and the brightest are glittering green-yellow which produced by oxygen atoms located 60 miles (100 kilometers) above the earth. Conversely, all-red auroras are rare to see and produced by high-altitude oxygen atoms at 200 miles (320 kilometers) above the earth by extremely energetic solar particles. Ionized nitrogen molecules produced blue or purple
Bombs and shells changed the scenery again. Missiles, so far generating their destructive forces solely from their momentum of mass and velocity, now carried explosive material to the target. The old flaming arrows already followed this principle.