Pyroluria
Pyroluria is a blood disease that results from the defective synthesis of hemoglobin in the blood. The disease results in massive excretion of zinc and a build-up of copper. Hemoglobin is that all-important molecule of the blood made of iron and proteins that transports binds to and transports oxygen and carbon-dioxide to and from every cell in the body. It makes up 96% of a red blood cell’s dry mass, approximately 15g per liter of blood. During the creation of this molecule, a waste product called kryptopyrrole is also synthesized. Usually this molecule is benign and the body excretes it through urine, but when certain genes are activated it binds to zinc, vitamin B6, and Omega 6’s. This prevents these critical components from being used in synthesis, and they are excreted along with the kryptopyrrole.
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These people have trouble methylating zinc, B6 and Omegas, which prevents them from healing effectively without consuming excessively high levels of key nutrients. This disease may lead to permanent struggles with anxiety, poor digestion of meat, joint pain, acne/eczema, and mood swings, all of which get worse when under stress. Mainstream medicine does not really cover pyroluria because the only way to treat it is improve nutrition and died, and avoid stress. Drugs used by mainstream medicine that suppress symptoms and “take the batteries out of the smoke detector” do not work on someone has has a pyrrole disorder, so there is not much attention devoted to it. Most people who suffer from pyroluria are miss-diagnosed and put on medications that do not actually help the underlying problem. Unfortunately, these drugs usually have side effects that only worsen the problem, despite the best intentions of the prescribing
The kidneys play a major role in the blood composition and volume , the excretion of metabolic wastes in the urine, the control the acid/base balance in the body and the hormone production for maintaining hemostasis. The damages to the GBM in the glomeruli alter filtration process that allows the protein and red blood cells to leak into the urine. Loss of protein like albumin in the urine results in a decrease of their level into the blood stream. Consequently, this patient’s blood reveals a decreased albumin (Alb) value of 2.9 g/dL, decreased serum total protein value of 5 .0 g/dL and in the urine presents of the protein and the RBCs. Impaired filtering capacity result in inability of kidneys to excrete excretory products like electrolytes and metabolic waste products that will then accumulate in the blood. Furthermore, inability of distal convoluted tubules to excrete sufficient quantities of potassium, sodium, magnesium (Mg), chloride (Cl), urea, creatinine (Cr), alkaline phosphatase (Alk Phos), and phosphate (PO4) results in their elevation in the blood. His laboratory values reveal an increased of sodium value of 149 meq/L, an increase of potassium value of 5.4meq/L, increased chloride value of 116 meq/L, increased blood urea nitrogen (BUN) serum of 143 mg/dL, and increased creatinine serum of 7.14 mg/dL. The other abnormal blood tests associated with a loss of kidneys’ filtration property identify in this patient are related to an increase of alkaline phosphatase value of 178 IU/L, increased magnesium value of 3.8mgdL, and increased phosphate (PO4) value of 5.9 mg/dL .
The chemistry test shows the levels of electrolytes found in the blood: sodium, potassium, chloride, phosphorus, magnesium and calcium. Imbalances in these electrolytes can cause complications, which especially in the case of potassium, can be deadly. Also shown by the chemistry test, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels can show how well the patient’s kidneys are functioning in filtering waste from the blood. Trauma and blood loss can affect how the kidney’s function not only in filtering waste, but also in acid-base balance, and balancing electrolyte levels. Another marker of kidney function is the glomerular filtration rate, which measures the rate filtrate is created by the glomerulus of the kidney (Winkelman, 2016). This is controlled by the kidneys themselves, meaning changes in the function of the kidneys can lead to an altered filtration rate (Winkelman, 2016). Lactic acid is measured by the chemistry test also, and an increase in lactic acid can signify acidosis caused by the lactic acid being formed by cells that do not have adequate oxygen to process glucose for energy (Workman, 2016). This decrease in available oxygen could be caused by damage to or impairment of the lungs. Carbon-dioxide, which is also measured by the chemistry test, can show
The brutal killing of Priam, king of Troy, is both at the beginning of the story of the Aeneid and an end to the story of the Trojan war contained in the Iliad. In war, some of the most damaging things that can be accomplished are the demoralizing of the other soldiers and the desecration of their gods. The Trojans held their gods in great esteem and are portrayed as a very reverent people. This can be seen by Aeneas refusal to touch the statues of his household gods until he can clean himself of the battle from which he has just come.
The diminished rate of synthesis amongst the globin chains was first described from Cooley and Lee. However, the term “Thalassemia: was coined by Whipple and Bradford in 1936 (Bain, 2006). The term “Thalassemia” is derived from the Greek words “Thalassa” (sea) and “Heama” (blood) and refers to disorders associated with defective synthesis of the alpha or beta globin subunits of the hemoglobin molecule. Hemoglobin A (a2B2) is inherited. ...
Hemochromatosis, originating in people of Western European descent, is a disease that is still carried in the chromosomes of humans. Hemochromatosis is a hereditary disease that disrupts the way the body metabolizes iron. (Moalem, 2) A person who has hemochromatosis absorbs abundant amounts of iron. While mistaking the body for not having enough iron, it absorbs more that it needs, which causes piles of iron to form in the joints, muscles, and major organs. This buildup can cause liver failure, heart failure, diabetes, arthritis, infertility, psychiatric disorders, and cancer. When discovered by Armand Trousseau in 1865, it was looked at as extremely rare. (Doctors Lounge, post) Later on in history, it was discovered that many people with western European descent either carried or expressed the hemochromatosis gene. Statistics show 1 in 4 people with western descent carry the gene for hemochromatosis, but only 200 people of western European descent express the gene. (Mo...
Hemochromatosis is a disease which makes your body absorb all of the iron in food, instead of regulating iron intake. Hemochromatosis “attacks” the entire body, especially the places where most of the iron normally goes: the bloodstream and liver. Some symptoms of this disease are bone and joint discomfort, liver problems, irregular heartbeat, and an unusual bronzing of the skin. Armand Trousseau first described it in 1865 as Diabetes bronze, due to people with diabetes showing the bronze-skin symptom. It was thought to be quite rare at the time. About “⅓ or ¼ of people of Western European descent have th...
Kidney dialysis comes at a price. With chronic kidney disease (CKD), there can be problems with iron depletion. Dialysis slowly depletes a patient of iron. On average, about 5-7 mg of iron is lost in each session. Until recently, the main way doctors tried to compensate for this loss was by adding 100 mg of iron into the bloodstream. This treatment comes with risks of oxidative stress and can cause liver damage. A new drug has recently been in the news and seems to help greatly with this problem. The drug is called Triferic. Triferic mimics the way iron is absorbed into the body naturally. The absorption gradually goes to the body’s bone marrow and helps to maintain levels of hemoglobin. Triferic is still in the trial stages with 3 successful trials done so far. It very well may become an integrated treatment for those with CKD. (Glatter, 2013)
Sickle cell anemia is an inherited disease of red blood cells. Normally red blood cells contain a protein called hemoglobin A, which carries oxygen to all the organs in the body. With sickle cell anemia, however, the body makes a different kind of protein, called hemoglobin S.
The interest in studying Rhesus disease stems from an aspiration to understand blood and its’ components at a cellular level. In order to recognize what factors lead to this disease and what components of the cell can be used as indicators/markers to diagnose it, one must have a general idea of the concepts involved in cellular processes. This paper will focus on the causes of hemolytic disease, including natural and/or surgical & medicinal occurrences that cause isoimmunization; how antigens and antibodies are involved, and the effectiveness of Rh immunoglobulin will also be considered.
This chronic disease can be prevented, can be treated professionally at the very beginning of the process however, this disease cannot be cured. There are ...
ITP is a blood disorder that causes bruising and excessive bleeding, it is caused by your platelets getting too low, making your blood not clot correctly. When people with ITP get really low platelets their blood will be very slow to clot making Internal bleeding or bleeding on or under the skin result. ITP usually occurs when the immune system produces antibodies against platelets. Symptoms include easy or excessive bruising, bleeding from the gums or nose, and blood in the urine or stool. ITP is caused by a genetic mutation, some types of inherited thrombocytopenia are easy to find. The platelets can be almost as large as red blood cells or very small. Sometimes it is very difficult to diagnose or go undiagnosed because there are no specific
and loss of appetite caused by the disease itself and by treatment with AZT and
... have a hard time functioning that can eventually result in heart attacks or other problems (Vitamin C's Function, 2014).
Individuals who inherited this disease from their parents do not possess the standard hemoglobin that should be contained in RBC. Hemoglobin is a protein present in RBC, which transports oxygen to all parts of the body (National Heart and Blood Institute, 2017). The disease which impairs the hemoglobin’s responsibility, prevents blood cells from receiving the sufficient oxygen, causes RBC to be sickle shaped. Sickle cell disease precedes to several painful health complications such as VOC (vaso- occlusive crises), which are severe pain recurring episodes, that can lead to irreversible organ damage. Sickle cell anemia causes red blood cells to hemolyze continuously through an individual’s lifetime… hemolysis is the breakdown of red blood cells (Krishnamoorthy, et al. 2017). An experimental study was conducted with SCD Townes mice to test a possible solution for sickle cell anemia. Throughout a seven-week span, mice orally conveyed dosages of 100 mg/kg of DMF. DMF known as dimethyl fumarate is small complex molecule and which binds and activates to enhance Nrf2 to enhance Hbf. “Nrf2 is a transcription factor that triggers cytoprotective and antioxidant pathways to limit oxidative damage, inflammation, and increases HbF” (Krishnamoorthy, et al. 2017). Fetal hemoglobin (Hbf) is the hemoglobin present in fetuses; it is responsible for the transportation of oxygen
The purpose of this paper is to take an in depth look at a renal diet which is designed for people suffering from certain kidney conditions. A renal diet can be described as a nutritional regime which is: “low in sodium, phosphorous and protein... [It] also promotes the importance of consuming high-quality protein and usually limits fluids. Some patients may also need to limit potassium and even calcium” (Nephcure). Throughout the course of this paper various aspects are addressed. these include: the role of the kidneys, the importance of professional guidance, the reasons why people follow a renal diet, monitoring sodium intake, monitoring potassium intake, monitoring phosphorus intake, protein consumption, and fluid control.