1. Describe the mode of actions of the drugs that interfere with protein synthesis. Antimicrobial drugs that block protein synthesis react with ribosomal-mRNA complexes. These drugs are safe only because bacterial ribosomes are different in size and structure compared to human ribosomes, however, they can damage human mitochondria since they can contain ribosomes like bacterial ribosomes.
2. Name and describe the actions of the aminoglycoside subgroup. Aminoglycosides are broad-spectrum drugs that inhibit protein synthesis by binding to one of the ribosomal subunits. One of the first aminoglycosides used was Streptomyces, but now it has been somewhat replaced by less toxic forms. The aminoglycoside subgroup is used to treat the bubonic plague. Gentamicin is less toxic and is used for gram negative rod infections. A new aminoglycoside, tobramycin, is a drug being used with success for treating Pseudomonas infections in patients suffering from cystic fibrosis.
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Describe the mode of action of the tetracyclines. What are the pros and cons of prescribing tetracycline? Tetracyclines act by binding to ribosomes and blocking protein synthesis. They are broad-spectrum drugs that can act on gram-positive and gram-negative rods and cocci, aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, mycoplasmas, rickettsiae and spirochetes. Tetracyclines are administered orally and is cheap and easy to administer, but come with side effects. Some of these side effects include gastrointestinal disruptions and permanent staining of teeth. If tetracyclines are administered during pregnancy, the drug can negatively affect fetal bone
What is the purpose of each of the medications the patient is on? Why is this patient receiving them?
I will use a set of five pH's to get my readings from the collected
...rious cytostatic drugs(40). It is important to note that specific dosage of vitamin C is crucial when combining it with cytostatic drugs; while Heaney used concentrations of 0-750 uM, Anja Fromberg applied 1-2 mM of vitamin C. Thus, proper dosage is seen to effect results in a positive manner, while improper dosage can have detrimental cytotoxic affects (6).
Another campaign developed by the CDC is the Transatlantic Taskforce on Antimicrobial Resistance (TATFAR). This task force focused on urgent antimicrobial resistance issues and appropriate therapeutic use of antimicrobial drugs in the medical and veterinary communities. Also, prevention of both healthcare- and community-associated drug-resistant infections, and strategies for improving the pipeline of new antimicrobial drugs()
taken for a short time and as prescribed by a doctor, they can be misused (taken in a different
"Chapter 6 Treatment of Tuberculosis Disease." . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, n.d. Web. 13 May 2014. .
Compounding all of these solutions, the pharmaceutical industry needs to conduct extensive research on developing new antibiotics for various pathogenic bacteria by studying the bacterial structure. This will help scientists to formulate ways of counteracting the functions of the various constituents of bacteria.
The Merck Manuals. (2008). The Merck Manuals. Retrieved from The Merck Manuals Online Medical Library: http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/ag/sec07/ch107/ch107b.html
In the last decade, the number of prescriptions for antibiotics has increases. Even though, antibiotics are helpful, an excess amount of antibiotics can be dangerous. Quite often antibiotics are wrongly prescribed to cure viruses when they are meant to target bacteria. Antibiotics are a type of medicine that is prone to kill microorganisms, or bacteria. By examining the PBS documentary Hunting the Nightmare Bacteria and the article “U.S. government taps GlaxoSmithKline for New Antibiotics” by Ben Hirschler as well as a few other articles can help depict the problem that is of doctors prescribing antibiotics wrongly or excessively, which can led to becoming harmful to the body.
The process of translation is a major part of protein synthesis. There are many different components related the process of protein synthesis which include the large ribosomal unit, 60S and the small ribosomal unit,40S. As well as these are the messenger RNA, “mRNA coding”, transfer RNA , tRNA for amino acids and finally greater than 12 of the catalytic proteins which have be found to be eIFs (eukaryotic initiation factors). (Norton and Layman, 2006)These initiation factors are quite important in relation to Protein Synthesis and translation initiation. ...“These initiation factors guide the assembly of the ribosome on the mRNA and are responsive to short-term changes in the availability of energy, amino acids, and growth factors. Initiation factors provide the cell with sensitivity to environmental factors, including changes in diet, such as leucine availability, and physical activity.”... As well as this they also enable the cell to become sensitive to factors like the availability of
About 20% of the human body is made up of protein. Because your body doesn’t store protein, it’s important to get enough from your diet each day.
Abstract: Enzymes are catalysts therefore we can state that they work to start a reaction or speed it up. The chemical transformed due to the enzyme (catalase) is known as the substrate. In this lab the chemical used was hydrogen peroxide because it can be broken down by catalase. The substrate in this lab would be hydrogen peroxide and the enzymes used will be catalase which is found in both potatoes and liver. This substrate will fill the active sites on the enzyme and the reaction will vary based on the concentration of both and the different factors in the experiment. Students placed either liver or potatoes in test tubes with the substrate and observed them at different temperatures as well as with different concentrations of the substrate. Upon reviewing observations, it can be concluded that liver contains the greater amount of catalase as its rates of reaction were greater than that of the potato.
Penicillin works by virtue of its beta-lactam ring that specifically binds to microbial enzymes in bacterial cell walls, and keeps the cell membrane structures from linking up. Eventually, if the bacterium keeps dividing, the cell membrane will become increasingly weaker and lyse. The beta-lactam ring is very simple in and of itself, but its ability to remain potent with several different functional groups attached to it makes it spectacular in its applications.
The active ingredient is Terbinafine Hydrochloride. This medicine can be prescribed either orally or in tablet form. The pill is a 250 mg tablet. As prescribed, the prescription is to be taken once a day. The pill is to be taken for twelve weeks for toenail fungus. For fingernail fungus, only take it for six weeks. The side effects of this medication can be serious. This medicine can actually damage the liver. Others include stomach aches, diarrhea, nausea, etc. Overall the side effects aren’t the best thing one can ask for. But they are left with the option of risking the side effects, or having the fungus. For a whole month’s prescription the cost is around thirty dollars; although, they have the generic brand for around four dollars per month. However, you can take this medicine with or without food; just remember that this pill should only be taken once a day.
Investigating a Factor that Affects Enzyme Activity Planning -------- Aim --- To investigate a factor which will affect the activity of catalase, whilst keeping all variables constant. Possible Independent Variables ------------------------------ Here are a number of possible independent variables that could be changed in the experiment: Independent variable Continuous/Discontinuous Easy to measure?