In a modern VLSI design aims to design a on chip components with low power, High Speed and with reduced size. All components in a digital designs like flip flops, counters need of frequency references and frequency sources. A Resonator will fulfil these requirements. We design and analysed a novel three types resonators as follows Temperature Compensated Resonator, Comb Drive Resonator, Piezoelectric Resonator. The design and analysis are all done in FEM (Finite Element Method) analysis tool.
Keywords—Microelectromechanical system, resonators, comb drive, piezoelectric.
Introduction
The quartz crystal resonator has been replaced by MEMS resonator in last few decades. A MEMS Resonator having a good power consumption and it has an ability design a mixer-filter in a single chip without any off chip components. However the Resonator performance in terms of resonant frequency will get affected due to temperature variation. This temperature variation will compensate by adding positive temperature compensated material in Resonator body itself [1].The advantage of the comb resonator is providing good linearity under small deflections [3]. Comb drive micro resonator used in many applications like gyros, clocks, filters and sensors. In an accelerometer based resonator measures acceleration by change in resonant frequency [2]. For a batch fabrication like CMOS-MEMS Resonator the total weight of combinational component should low without degrading from its design parameters. The piezoelectric Resonator provides good stability and temperature stability in all case of temperature variation [6]. Piezoelectric Resonators provides low damping of single crystal silicon.
Resonator Introduction
The innovation of MEMS resonator is for low impedance ...
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...spect to the applied voltage.[19]
When this voltage level exceeds a particular value the piezoelectric structure will tends to vibrate. At particular level the resonant condition occurred in piezoelectric material.
The structure of piezoelectric resonator in comsol multiphysics is shown in Fig 17. The material properties are shown in table 6. Bottom layer as a silicon substrate, the electrodes are used as a Aluminum and piezoelectric layer as a Zno.
Table 4: Device specification of piezoelectric resonator
Parameter Dimension
Aluminum Electrode (thick) 0.2 um
Aluminum Electrode (Width) 500 um
Zno 9.5um
Silicon substrate 7 um
Table 5: Material properties of piezoelectric resonator
Materials Density
(kg/m3) Elasticity matrix (GPa) Youngs modulus (Pa)
Silicon 2330 166 70
Aluminum 2700 NA NA
Zno 5680 2.0974e-14 NA
Measurement and analysis
Conclusion and future work
The Helmholtz resonance of a guitar is due to the air at the sound hole oscillating, driven by the springiness of the air inside the body. This is analysed quantitatively in Helmholtz Resonance.
waves were reflected back to the transducer as they crossed interfaces of different acoustic impedance. More simply, the ultrasound bounced off the
In this case, the hair cell receptors are very pressure sensitive. The greater the force of the vibrations on the membrane, the more the hair cells bend and hence the greater the receptor potential generated by these hair cells.
Bourzac, Katherine. "A Practical Way to Make Invisibility Cloaks." MIT Technology Rview. N.p., 11 June 2011. Web. 12 May. 2014. .
Contents Page Section 3 ……………… …………………… Introduction 3 ……………… …………………… The Pioneers of the Electronic Age 4 ……………… …………………… The Theory of the Synthesiser 5 ……………… …………………… Other Changes Due to Electronic Technology 6 ………………
A transducer is a mechanism that changes one form of energy to another form. A toaster is a transducer that turns electricity into heat; a loudspeaker is a transducer that changes electricity into sound. Likewise, an ultrasound transducer changes electricity voltage into ultrasound waves, and vice versa. This is possible because of the principle of piezoelectricity, which states that some materials (ceramics, quartz, and others) produce a voltage when deformed by an applied pressure. Conversely, piezoelectricity also results in production of a pressure whe...
Polman, H., Orobio De Castro, B. & Van Aken, M. A.G. (2008). Experimental Study of the
... Physics." .::. The Pysics of Electric Guitars :: Physics. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 May 2014. .
The oscillator is mainly developed by Max Wien during 1891.[8] .It is originally based on a bridge circuit. The bridge circuit consists of four resistors and two capacitors. The oscillator can also be viewed as a positive gain amplifier combined with a band pass filter that provides positive feedback. Figure 1. Wien bridge oscillator [8] Normal design procedure is to simulate the circuit to see if it passes all specifications.
The carbon transmitter uses carbon granules between metal plates called, electrodes, with one consisting of a thin diaphragm that moves by pressure from sound waves and transmits them to the carbon granules. These electrodes conduct electricity flowing through the carbon. The sound waves hit the diaphragm, causing the electrical resistance of the carbon to vary. The electronic transmitter is composed of a thin disk of metal-coated plastic held above a thick, hollow metal disk. This plastic disk is electrically charged, and creates an electric field.
PDMS MEMS machining techniques are used to fabricate them. Before we talk about manufacturing we will give you a brief theoretical discussion of material selection, rotor dimension calculation and thermal analysis.
Musical Instruments - Resonance. The Physics Classroom. Retrieved November 25, 2011, from www.physicsclassroom.com/class/sound/U11L5a.cfm. Hollis, B. (2011) How Brass Instruments Work. The Method Behind the Music?
Produced sound from speakers has become so common and integrated in our daily lives it is often taken for granted. Living with inventions such as televisions, phones and radios, chances are you rarely ever have days with nothing but natural sounds. Yet, few people know the physics involved in the technology that allows us to listen to music in our living room although the band is miles away. This article will investigate and explain the physics and mechanism behind loudspeakers – both electromagnetic and electrostatic.
A computer is a device which is used for several applications; business, gaming, or school. It’s important for people to know how computers work because in this day and age, operating a computer is an everyday task. This complex electrical device utilizes several parts inside of it to keep itself cool, conduct the proper tasks, and maintain stability. These devices can be found several places whether it be on the job, in one’s room, or on a school campus. Computers are essential for everyday use in order to complete what is required. What each component is and its function will be described.
Now, scientists must find new compounds for semiconductors or new methods for their construction and the overall structure of the material. Software engineers have made exciting discoveries in the past decade such as chip stacking, devices operating in the tens of nanometers, and transparent materials for touchscreens and interfaces [2]. Despite these great new ideas they have been limited by poor thermal management. The shrinking size and exponentially growing electrical requirements. The power required for high performance computing applications on some modern processor modules can reach 200–250 W or more which means upt 1 kW of heat per hour or 1895.63 degrees celsius [8]. “Hot spots” on devices are often the determining factor when a device is being judged for reliability as theses “hot spots” can be five or even ten times as hot as the device average [2]. Most of often the these high heat loads have been handled by materials that have a high thermal conductivity so as to spread out the heat from “hot spots”. The more area the heat is spread over the better it can be handled by the device. Besides the downsizing of electronic devices which can condense heat spots, the increase in devices interconnect layers, which serve “as as the streets and highways of the integrated circuit (IC),