Any production line involves some form of inspection; the most basic form is manual visual inspection. This kind of inspection is not always the least expensive or the most reliable. For example, metal sheets are monitored visually by trained personnel, which require a very slow production line for reliable detection and to insure the inspector’s safety. Such systems are very costly due to the slower production speed; they are also labor intensive and labor dependent and need to be a separate stage to avoid production line interruptions. Thus a less expensive more reliable automated system is needed.
Several automated inspection systems introduced to detect and locate defects on production lines. Due to the high cost of inspection systems, the manufacturer needs guarantees that the system
works and can increase the quality of the products. Since the 1980s several international groups have worked to introduce such systems. One of the early collaborations was between nine steel making companies and three aluminum making companies; called “American Iron and Steel Institute for Surface Inspection Project” the collaboration produced an inspection system manufactured by Kodak. Other systems that include CCD cameras were introduced with a variety of image processing techniques [7]. Such systems are limited to certain defects i.e. those that include a color difference or geometry change, the main problems they can detect are pitting, roller marks and lubrication presence. [8] Usually such systems are implemented in the cold rolling stage as a precaution. Other systems propose constructing 3-D information about the steel sheet surface, ( Profilometer [9,10]). . Due to the small inspection area used ( 340 μm x 260 μm ), such a system is s...
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...rip so the strip will heat with regard to the resistance of the steel [16-18]; though such systems are very promising and can detect focal and deep defects, the use of electrical fields can generate some risk when working online.
For both cases of IR thermography sensing methods and due to the wide variety of production conditions and material processes, there is a need to determine the relation between the detectors (IR camera) and material properties. The aim of this study is to find scalable relations that can be used in developing inspection systems using infrared thermography. The materials used are steel, aluminum and plastic representing three main materials used in common products. The scaling
laws are drawn from reflection steady heating under three temperatures low, intermediate and high representing the most common heating conditions on a production line.
In the 1920’s the United States economy was booming, and a famous man by the man of Henry Ford came along and had an industry changing idea. He set up the first production line style for producing automobiles. Each assembly line worker had one or two specific tasks to complete on the cars that came through. The process began with a skeleton on the car, and as it went down the line from worker to worker it slowly gained more and more pieces finishing the automobile completely...
When there is a heat exchange between two objects, the object’s temperature will change. The rate at which this change will occur happens according to Newton’s Law of heating and cooling. This law states the rate of temperature change is directly proportional between the two objects. The data in this lab will exhibit that an object will stay in a state of temperature equilibrium, unless the object comes in contact with another object of a different temperature. Newton’s Law of Heat and Cooling can be understood by using this formula:
-Developed and implemented strip casting overseas to eliminate a step in the steel making process
If equipment flaw or a defective part is spotted, the damaged machine directly stops, and operators halt production and rectify the identified problem. It is essential ...
The start of Assembly Lines in the Manufacturing Industry has contributed to the change that has occurred in the opportunity for employment, quantity of products, quality of products, and convenience of products being made. The assembly lines were first discovered by Henry Ford in 1913. He revolutionized the automobile industry with this new factory invention, his idea for this new factory tool came from his observing the continuous-process production of oil refineries, canneries, and chemical plants. Henry Ford wanted to make his automobiles available to everyone by using the mass-production process. His innovation of this new industrial tool provided well paying jobs to people that were not educated or skilled in any particular trade. He was able to cut down the time it took to build a car, and provide training to his employees in one or two skills they could specialize in to build cars faster and more efficient.
The objective of this lab is to illustrated the procedures required to perform tensile tests. Using data obtained from the test will enable the student to determine various material characteristics that affect the design process. Some findings/interpretations are the stress vs strain curve will help us show how the metal reacted to the forces applied, and the point of failure is very important as it is the ultimate strength.
Toyota Motor Manufacturing, U.S.A. (TMM) is deviating from the standard assembly line principle of jidoka in an attempt to avoid expenses incurred from stopping the production line for seat quality defects. This deviation has contributed to the inability to identify the root cause of the problem, which has led to decreased run ratios on the line and an excess of defective automobiles in the overflow lot for multiple days. If this problem isn’t fixed quickly, an increased amount of waste will continue to be incurred and customer value will be threatened.
The zeroth law of thermodynamics states that “when two systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a third system, the first two systems are in thermal equilibrium with each other.” (Drake P.1). The first law of thermodynamics states that the change in internal energy of a system is equivalent to the total work done by the system subtracted from the total heat transfer into the system. This law is represented by the equation The variable represents the change in internal energy of the system, represents the total heat transferred into the system, and represents the total work done by the system. The second law states that heat flows spontaneously from hotter to colder regions but never in the reverse direction. It also states that the total entropy can never decrease over time for an isolated system; it will always increase over time. Additionally, the changes in entropy in the universe can never be negative. The third law states that “the entropy of a perfect crystal of an element in its most stable form tends to zero as the temperature approaches absolute zero.” (Drake P.1). Thermodynamics developed quickly throughout the 19th century because of the need to improve steam engines and how they worked. The thermodynamics laws can be applied to “all physical and biological systems” (Drake P.1). These laws of thermodynamics are able to give people an explanation about a variety of changes in the energy of a system, along with its
Thermodynamics is the branch of science concerned with the nature of heat and its conversion to any form of energy. In thermodynamics, both the thermodynamic system and its environment are considered. A thermodynamic system, in general, is defined by its volume, pressure, temperature, and chemical make-up. In general, the environment will contain heat sources with unlimited heat capacity allowing it to give and receive heat without changing its temperature. Whenever the conditions change, the thermodynamic system will respond by changing its state; the temperature, volume, pressure, or chemical make-up will adjust accordingly in order to reach its original state of equilibrium. There are three laws of thermodynamics in which the changing system can follow in order to return to equilibrium.
Inspection between each flight besides avoiding accidents, it also helps engineers to understand what problems that would be aroused by operation environment. Pre-flight inspection of Aloha 243 was only carried out before the first flight each day which is inadequate. Besides, all inspection records at each inspection should be kept; it records all the status of the parts and help engineers to understand how the aircraft structures would be affected after each operation.
These procedures and practices are used both by GM and by their vendors. The policies vary from layered inspections, statistics, process failure modes, effects analysis and control plans (Drew, 2011). All quality measures produce a graded system of quality management utilizing quality tools. An example of quality control test is that of speedy response wherever dilemmas are resolved quickly and immediately throughout visual management. Individuals responsible for specific tasks are kept accountable for some corrective actions that may subsist. What General Motors did was ignore this quality measurement when it was dealing with the problems of the Chevrolet
The first stage of automation in the metal industry, completely mechanical,simple and automatic looms that were carried out for specific parts. It loomsautomation, cam, changing settings, making the stop is provided. It’s also the first bench,with chip removal, screws, bolts and nuts, pieces were produced. This so-called automata cam Machine tools developed up to the present time it has reached. However, the program, in the form of a camand there is no flexibility of inventory adjustment that is done. The lack of flexibility of programmingmade during the manufacture of the accounts and the difficulty of the cam and the transition from one track to another, The length of time during the automation of machine tools developed as a result of new types of took needs.
Automation is encompassing virtually every walk of Life. Automation solutions are required right from agriculture to space technology. Plant Automation is the necessity for the manufacturing industry to survive in today’s globally competitive market.
The detector object is called Baggage Scanner Machine. Baggage Scanner Machine is a machine detector that can detect chemicals and metals object inside the baggage without taking out the object from baggage. Baggage Scanner Machine detects the object by using x-ray system for screening the object. The x-ray system is the most
This method finds applications in virtually every industry and can be used for primary processing inspection, secondary process inspection and in-service inspection.