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Literature review in premature delivery
Benefits and drawbacks of premature birth
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As defined by Lowdermilk, Perry and Cashion, preterm labor is “cervical changes and uterine contractions occurring between 20 and 37 weeks of pregnancy”. Preterm birth is a dramatic event causing distress for both the child and parents. There is a significant amount of information available on the risk factors related to preterm labor. Seeing the ineffectiveness of interventions directed towards known risk factors emphasizes the lack of maternal understanding of possible underlying pathways.
Healthy people 2020 states “The risk of maternal and infant mortality and pregnancy-related complications can be reduced by increasing access to quality preconception (before pregnancy) and interconception (between pregnancies) care. Moreover, healthy birth outcomes and early identification and treatment of health conditions among infants can prevent death or disability and enable children to reach their full potential.” (CITE HEALTHY PEOPLE) Objective maternal, infant, and child health (MICH)1.1 has the goal of “reducing the rate of fetal deaths of fetuses at 20 or greater weeks gestation”. (C...
Pam Jenkins is a 36 year-old woman that is 30 weeks into her third pregnancy. Since her pregnancy began, Pam has gained 20 pounds. Although Pam has reduced the amount that she smokes, she continues to smoke 5 cigarettes per day, which may cause some issues with her worry of another preterm birth. Another factor that could also cause complications is her delayed prenatal vitamin use. After logging her dietary intake within a 24 hour period into SuperTracker, I will be making recommendations on how she can alter her diet and lifestyle to ensure that Pam receives the nutrients she needs for herself and for her baby.
Modercin-McCarthy M. A., McCue S., Walker J. Preterm infants and stress: A tool for the neonatal nurse. J Perinat Neonatal Nurs, 1997; 10, 62-71.
In this paper we discuss about a labouring women named Mary Doe who is experiencing prolonged labour, she is a singleton pregnancy and having irregular contractions. Poor progress in labour is very common and has many associated complications following it. Unfortunately poor progress is the leading cause for procedures such as c-sections, instrumental deliveries, artificial rupture of membranes, and use of epidural analgesia. Despite this there are strategies that midwives can provide to enhance progress in prolonged labour. These strategies include different postures/ positions, hydration, ambulation in the first stage, water immersion and continuous support by a midwife. This paper discusses potential outcomes Mary Doe may face due to prolonged labour and midwifery strategies to enhance labour progress.
Numerous people are uninformed about how unhealthy pregnancies are on women. There are an overabundance of health risks for pregnancies, including high blood pressure, heart disease, kidney problems, autoimmune disorders, infections, diabetes, cancer, and as well as miscarriages. These health risks can cause permanent damage to the mother. World Health Organization reports that “Every day, approximately 800 women die from preventable causes related to pregnancy and childbirth.” All of these deaths could have been prevented. If abortion is made illegal, then these women have no choice. They either risk dying, risk their child dying, or both. A person might not often hear much about women dying during pregnancy, but it happens often. Nearly 287,000 women died because of childbirth, according to World Health Or...
Bell, M. (2010). A historical overview of preeclampsia-eclampsia. JOGNN: Journal Of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing, 39(5), 510-518. doi:10.1111/j.1552-6909.2010.01172.x
Birth is a normal, physiological process, in which a woman’s body naturally prepares to expel the fetus within. It has occurred since the beginning of time. Unfortunately, childbirth has gradually evolved into what it is today - a highly managed whirlwind of unwarranted interventions. Jennifer Block, a journalist with over twelve years experience, has devoted herself to raising awareness regarding the authenticity of the Americanized standard of care in obstetrics, while guiding others to discover the truth behind the medical approach to birth in this country. In her book, Pushed: The Painful Truth About Childbirth and Modern Maternity Care, Jennifer Block brings forth startling truths concerning this country’s management of birth.
As part of the Healthy People 2020 initiative, a national goal has been set to improve the health and well-being of women, infants, children, and families. This is an important public health movement considering their well-being determines the health of the next generation and can help predict future public health challenges for families, communities, and the health care system. Since there are many social and physical determinants of maternal, infant, and child health, recent efforts have been focused on addressing disparities by employing a “life course” perspective to health promotion and disease prevention. MICH 10.2 is an objective that seeks to improve the population’s health and well-being by increasing the proportion of pregnant women
“The Institute of Medicine reported that the cost associated with premature birth in the USA was $26.2 billion each year. $1.1 billion for special education services. $5.7 billion in lost work and pay for people born prematurely.About 1 in 3 children born prematurely need special school services.The Institute of Medicine says these services cost an estimated$2.200 per year per child.The Supplemental Security Income(SSI) program pays benefits to disable adults and children who have limited income and resources”( The impact of premature birth on the community and
When a couple becomes pregnant, they are envisioning their child and what they will look like, their future as a family and watching the child grew and learn (Rahimina, 2013). They do not envision having complications during pregnancy and/or birth; they do not envision having to leave their child at the hospital within the NICU when they are being discharged, this leads to many stressors and complications for the parents and families of these infants, possibly a crisis (Rahiminia, 2013). Children are not admitted to a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit unless they are born prematurely, born with low birth weight, born suffering birth complications, have a congenital abnormality, or are critically ill (Gimenez & Sanchez-Luna, 2015). According to World Health Organization (WHO) (2015), prematurity, defined as any child born before 37 weeks of gestation. Preterm is further broken down into three sub-categories: extremely preterm (<28 weeks), very preterm (28 weeks to 32 weeks), and moderate to late preterm (32 weeks to 37 weeks) (World Health Organization, 2015).
Between five to ten percent of all infants are born more than two weeks before their due date due to several factors that include infections, illness, poor nutrition, or complications during the pregnancy. Fetal monitors are used in the cases of C-sections because there is a much higher risk of detecting the infant’s distress and therefore can go in more quickly to remove the baby from the uterus. When the mother is under general anesthesia, which is rare in the United States, the mother is not aware of any kind of pain or even the birth of her child. When the mother has spinal anesthesia she has no feeling from the waist down. Sometimes, the best indication that the baby is in distress is the mother- an unfamiliar pain occurs or something else could be a sign of problems.
Worldwide, the rate of cesarean section is increasing. According to the CDC, in 2012 the rate of cesarean sections comprised 32.8% of all births in the United States (CDC, 2013). Between 1996-2009 the cesarean section rate has risen 60% in the U.S (CDC, 2013). According to the World Health Organization (WHO), more than 50% of the 137 countries studies had cesarean section rates higher than 15% (WHO, 2010). The current goal of U.S. 2020 Healthy People is to reduce the rate of cesarean section to a target of 23.9%, which is almost 10% lower than the current rate (Healthy People 2020, 2013). According to a study conducted by Gonzales, Tapia, Fort, and Betran (2013), the appropriate percentage of performed cesarean sections is unclear, and is dependent on the circumstances of each individual birth (p. 643). Though often a life-saving procedure when necessary, the risks and complications associated with cesarean delivery are a cause for alarm due to the documented rate increase of this procedure across the globe. Many studies have revealed that cesarean deliveries increase the incidence of maternal hemorrhage and mortality and neonatal respiratory distress when compared to vaginal deliveries. As a result, current research suggests that efforts to reduce the rate of non-medically indicated cesarean sections should be made, and that comprehensive patient education should be provided when considering an elective cesarean delivery over a planned vaginal delivery.
Preeclampsia is a serious condition that develops only during pregnancy. It is also called toxemia of pregnancy. This condition causes high blood pressure along with other symptoms, such as swelling and headaches. These symptoms may develop as the condition gets worse. Preeclampsia may occur 20 weeks or later into pregnancy.
This essay covers information over the course of prenatal development. I will also discuss teratology and hazards to the prenatal development, those such as, caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, marijuana, heroin, and opioids. Additionally, I will discuss how maternal factors such as maternal diet and nutrition, maternal age, emotional states and stress, and paternal factors, may influence prenatal development.
A preterm infant is defined as a baby born alive before 37 weeks of the pregnancy is completed. Low birth weight is defined as an infant weighing less than 5 pounds, 8 ounces at birth. According to the World Health Organization, an estimated 15 million babies are born too early every year. That is more than 1 in 10 babies. Almost 1 million children die each year due to complications of preterm birth. Globally, prematurity is the leading cause of death in children under the age of five (5). In almost all countries with reliable data, preterm birth rates are increasing (WHO, 2003).
As premature birth rates in Ireland are rising it is of paramount importance that the quality of the health care available to premature infants be assessed. It is important to establish a functioning and high quality health care system for these vulnerable infants, which is why a great deal of research has gone into establishing the causes and effects of prematurity, on both infant and parent, as well as research into the quality and availability of health care.