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What are some environmental and genetic factors that can affect prenatal development
Name environmental and biological causes of schizophrenia
Prenatal factors that affect development
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Prenatal non-genetic factors that occur before, during, and after birth and how they can effect schizophrenia later in life: Factoring in the internal and external nongenetic factors of pregnancy that have been related to know cases of schizophrenia including, but not limited to, maternal diabetes, low birth weight, older paternal age, winter birth, and prenatal maternal stress. These may be some of the risk factors associated with schizophrenia developing, many other factors and causes of this disease or unknown.
Schizophrenia is a very complicated psychiatric disorder that effects approximately 1% of the population. A clear genetic component has been established that is linked to schizophrenia, but according to research, there is still much to be learned about this gene. Early
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The development of the nervous system being comprised may likely be some of the causes of how and why schizophrenia develops in some and not others. The likelihood of developing schizophrenia is 2% higher in someone who was exposed to stress and other complications during pregnancy. Complications can include abnormal fetal growth and development, complications during delivery, and other complications during pregnancy. Any complication that compromises oxygen to the fetus, thus comprising the right development of the nervous system could be a cause during the prenatal development of a baby. Low birth weight or being born under 4.4 pounds is another risk factor and has been seen in increased cases of schizophrenia. Men over 35 fathering children may have increased their child's risk of developing schizophrenia, although research on a woman's age at the time of conception and birth have not brought about the same results. Although much is still to be learned about being born during the season of winter, it has been determined that being born during the winter months, in combination with some other factors, can greatly increase one's chance of developing
Tsuang, M. T., Faraone, S. V., & Glatt, S. J. (2011). Schizophrenia. New York: Oxford University Press.
The causes of schizophrenia and the related psychotic illness have been the subject of much
The neurodevelopmental Basis of Schizophrenia. Austin, TX: Landes Co.
For many years schizophrenia was thought to be caused by bad parenting, the so-called "refrigerator mother" was to blame. Today there exists much more information on the disorder and the evidence points to the commonly accepted notion of a chemical imbalance in the brain. Unfortunately, many people still confuse schizophrenia with multiple personality disorder when, in fact, the two are separate. Schizophrenia however, deals more with people who simply don't have a firm grip on reality.
The issue of whether or not criminal or aggressive behavior and violence is caused by biological or environmental factors has proven to be one that has caused a dispute for many years now. The biological or genetic factor of violent/criminal or aggressive behavior is certainly a much talked about topic. The idea that certain individuals could be predisposed to violence is something definitely deserving of doing research about. The nature vs. nurture topic has been a continuing debate for many aspects of human behavior, including aggression/violent behavior and criminal behavior. There have been many studies indicating that chemical relationships between hormones and the frontal lobe of the brain may play a key role in determining aggressive behavior as well as genetics, while other studies have explored environmental and social factors that have been said to control patterns in human aggression. Aggressive/violent behavior can’t be answered directly if it is caused by either nature or nurture; instead it is believed that both cause it.
No one knows for sure what causes schizophrenia. The biological explanations are linked to genetic predisposition.
[3]The disorder is thought to be environmental. Trauma, emotional, and stress disorders are mentioned as people who have had difficulties with schizophrenia would have no record of the genetic based disorder in their family.
Schizophrenia is a severe mental illness that affects one to two percent of people worldwide. The disorder can develop as early as the age of five, though it is very rare at such an early age. (3)) Most men become ill between the ages of 16 and 25 whereas most women become ill between the ages of 25 and 30. Even though there are differences in the age of development between the sexes, men and women are equally at risk for schizophrenia. (4) There is of yet no definitive answer as to what causes the disorder. It is believed to be a combination of factors including genetic make-up, pre-natal viruses, and early brain damage which cause neurotransmitter problems in the brain. (3)
The study of the causes of substance abuse has been conflicting many people for a long time. There are two causes of substance abuse that have been argued for many years. The first cause is believed to be environmental. The second cause is a genetic cause that leads people to turn to drugs and alcohol. In “Touch of Grey” Lanthrop comes to the conclusion that his substance abuse issue posses both genetic and environmental causes. This argument is specifically compelling because he uses research and a personal statement to prove his findings. While environmental issues have a large impact on substance abuse, genetics have the greatest impact on substance abuse.
Schizophrenia is a disease of the brain that is expressed clinically as a disease of the mind. Once it strikes, morbidity is high (60% of patients are receiving disability benefits within the first year of onset) as is mortality (the suicide rate is 10%). (www.nejm.org/content/1999/0340/008/0645.asp). Because its symptoms and signs and associated cognitive abnormalities are diverse, researchers have been unable to find localization in a single region of the brain. This essay will discuss the symptoms, treatments and causes of schizophrenia.
These include environmental factors which may be exposure to infectious, autoimmune, toxic, or traumatic insults and stress during gestation or childhood, marijuana use, and even immigration (Lewis & Lieberman, 2000; McClellan & Stock, 2013). In addition, during pregnancy the risk of developing schizophrenia increases when there have been complications during the pregnancy (Bromet & Fennig, 1999; McClellan & Stock, 2013; Niemi, Suvisaari, Tuulio-Henriksson, & Lönnqvist, 2003). In regards to social class and the development of schizophrenia, hypotheses include adverse environmental conditions that precipitate the onset and that social selection or social drift that may explain the relationship (Bromet & Fennig, 1999). The season of birth may also be related to schizophrenia onset. The proportion of people with schizophrenia born during the winter and spring months are excessively greater with about a 5% to 15% higher rate than at other times of the year (Bromet & Fennig, 1999; Lewis & Lieberman, 2000). Stress may also be a factor where maternal stress during pregnancy, life events and familial strains have been found to play a role in schizophrenia ( Bromet & Fennig, 1999). In regards to geographic location, being raised in an urban environment is a risk factor for schizophrenia, where those raised in an urban area had a 1.65 times greater risk of schizophrenia than those raised in
The argument of nature vs. nurture is a long-standing one in the psychological and social worlds. It is the argument about whether we are ruled by our genes or our upbringing. It is my thought that neither is true. It is nature working with nurture which determines our personality and our lifestyle.
Most commonly, schizophrenia strikes a person between his or her late teens and early 20s. Nonetheless, it can affect children as young as 12-years-old, or may lay dormant in a person until their late 20s (Saha, et al., 2008; Ueland & Rund, 2005). The cause of Schizophrenia is not fully known. However, it shows that Schizophrenia may be caused by the interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Biological interpretations have dominated in previous studies. Nevertheless, neither the biological nor the environmental categories is determinant completely, and there is no guarantee that one will confirm if he will or will not develop Schizophrenia.
Schizophrenia is a group of psychotic disorders with major impairments in thought, emotion, and behavior; there is a constant prevalence rate of one percent with the occurrence being slightly higher in men. Though different psychologists have various theories on whether the disorder is linked to genetics or social economic status, schizophrenia in all
The fetus relies on the its mother for nutrition which is why it is important that a mother maintains a healthy diet and nutrition. Mothers who fail to intake the necessary proteins, vitamins, and minerals during pregnancy is subjected to the malformation of their child. Maternal age is as well associated with the unpleasant pregnancy outcomes. For example, in adolescence the mortality rate of an infant is higher than to mothers of older age. When women of age 35 years or older has become pregnant the risk that the child will have Down syndrome increases. Emotional states and stress during pregnancy can have long term consequences such as having a child with emotional or cognitive problems, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and language delay. It is concluded that mothers who suffer from depression during pregnancy can be linked to preterm birth, low weight at birth in full-term infant, and an increase risk that depression will develope in the adolescence. Not only does maternal characteristics influence the prenatal development of the offspring but so does the paternal. A father who smokes around the pregnant mother leads to a risk of early pregnancy loss and leukemia may also arise from second hand smoking. The father who is of age 40 or older is at risk of