Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation By Amartya Sen New York, Oxford University Press, 1981, 257 pp. Reviewed by Liz Maria Kuriakose & S. Sowjanya III Economics (B) Introduction ‘How severe is poverty? What causes famines?’ Amartya Sen proves that first rate theorizing can illuminate the terrible, practical problems of Asia and Africa, reviewed The Times Literary Supplement. The main focus of this book is upon the causes behind starvation in general and famines in particular. The contents of the book are part of a study undertaken for the World Employment Programme launched by the International Labour Organization in 1969. Traditionally, famines were analyzed on the basis of food supply which Sen proves to be theoretically …show more content…
It is widely believed that famines are caused by decline in food availability. He calls this the Traditional Approach (FAD) which concentrates on supply side. A shortage in per capita food output causes famine. Contrary to this conventional belief, he argues that famines are not a result of food shortages. Failures in harvests, reductions in food imports, droughts, etc, are some contributing factors and more important are the food distribution systems in the society. In his studies of several well-known historical famines, Sen found that famines occurred even when per capita food output was maintained. In this, he believes that famines resulted either from sudden collapse in the endowments of people or from dramatic changes in relative prices, which prevented some of the population to acquire enough food. Thus, he came up with the Entitlement Approach to understand the entitlement systems within which the problem of starvation is to be analyzed. He considers starvation to be a function of entitlements but not of food availability. Individuals starve because they do not have sufficient food entitlements for subsistence. This approach subsumes the idea of FAD approach: The aggregate supply of food affects food entitlements, but they in turn depend on distribution and production of physical and human assets, and prices of goods and services. It directs one to the ownership patterns which determines the distribution …show more content…
Empirics have shown that famines could thrive even without a general decline in food availability. Even in other cases, starvation has several other variables apart from food availability. FAD approach, which is a food centric view, provides very less idea about the causal mechanism of starvation. It is a gross concept which cannot be applied to the population as a whole. It is not possible for the food supply to fall behind population growth for the world as a whole. Entitlement Approach concentrates on the ability of different sections of the population to have a command over food with the entitlement relations of that society. The latter approach requires use of categories based on certain discriminations. ‘Poor’ as a category is not suitable for causal analysis or evaluative exercises as it can distort public policy. A market economy is characterized by a price for every good or service and every player owns some goods or services. People will starve when their entitlement is not sufficient to buy the food for survival. The food available to them makes a connection with their income distribution and exchange process. The supply of food is not considered to be irrelevant. A decrease in the supply of food will increase its price which decreases the ability to buy food by using their entitlement and may drive to starvation if on the margins of hunger. The
Human agency is referred to as the individual’s ability to making choices of their own free will. Famine is referred to as extreme and general scarcity of food, as in a country or a large geographical area. Human agency can be affected by a famine in many different ways.
In “Famine, Affluence, and Morality,” Peter Singer is trying to argue that “the way people in relatively affluent countries react to a situation… cannot be justified; indeed,… our moral conceptual scheme needs to be altered and with it, the way of life that has come to be taken for granted in our society”(Singer 230). Peter Singer provides striking examples to show the reader how realistic his arguments are. In this paper, I will briefly give a summary of Peter Singer’s argument and the assumptions that follow, adding personal opinions for or against Peter’s statements. I hope that within this paper, I am able to be clearly show you my thoughts in regards to Singer.
In his 1972 essay “Famine, Affluence, and Poverty”, Peter Singer tackles what seems on the surface to be a fairly simple debacle. He opens his essay by discussing the lack of food, shelter, and medical care in East Bengal. It is a given that every human deserves, in the very least, food, a place to sleep, and basic medical care. Singer claims that the problems involving poverty around the world is not an inevitable problem. He alleges that if we all pitched in what we can, these problems could be abolished. But unfortunately many people do not want to give up what they have for the sake of others. For these people, Singer put forth his seemingly obvious argument. It goes as follows:
In this paper I will examine both Peter Singer’s and Onora O 'Neill 's positions on famine relief. I will argue that O’Neill’s position is more suitable than Singer’s extreme standpoint. First I will, present O’Neill’s argument. I will then present a possible counter-argument to one of my premises. Finally I will show how this counter-argument is fallacious and how O’Neill’s argument in fact goes through.
Singer, Peter. “Famine, Affluence, and Morality.” Current Issues and Enduring Questions. 8th ed. Eds. Sylvan Barnet and Hugo Bedau. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2008. 7-15. Print.
Imagine your skin tightening around your body to the point that you see your veins, no fats or muscles, the foul odor that comes from your mouth, your eye sockets sunken in, your eyes bulging out, the visibility of your collar and chest bones, your stomach bloated, and your body eating itself. These are the symptoms of someone who is starving. The dictionary definition of someone who is starving or hungry is someone who displays the need for food, the need for calories in their body. This is a feeling that millions of people feel every day because there is not enough food being farmed for them to eat, food is too expensive for them to buy, and because they do not have the knowledge nor ability to grow and maintain their own food. This all can be fixed with one simple solution and that solution would be agricultural
What do you think of when you hear the word “famine”? Do you think of natural disasters, of unpredictable tragedy, of innocent lives lost? Tragedy and death are inherent to the concept of starvation on a large scale, but the nature of some famines may have as much to do with politics as it does with the environment. What I expected to uncover as I began my research on the 1994-98 famine in North Korea was food shortages on a massive scale as a result of terrible growing conditions, extreme climates, unpredictable and unpreventable circumstances, for the most part. Admittedly, my knowledge of famine was limited to what I knew of the countryside of pre-communist China, where the most sustenance provided by the land the bare minimum was, and any number of external changes negatively effecting growth of or access to crops could equal devastation for entire regions. With that as my frame of reference, I was surprised by the uniquely political circumstances behind the famine in North Korea. The famine that killed 2-3 million in the 1990's was more closely tied to its independence from the southern half of the Korean peninsula it had once shared, to the fall of communism and the Soviet Union, than to any singular natural disaster. The millions that died did so as a result of their government prioritizing its independence over their survival, its budget over their sustenance. North Korea's famine was born of 1950's conflict, fueled by 1990's politics, and sustained by human error and hubris from within.
Pogge, Thomas Winfried Menko, and Keith Horton. "Famine, Affluence and Poverty." In Global ethics: seminal essays. St. Paul, MN: Paragon House, 2008. 1-14.
Poverty has been a growing problem in America, and it most likely will never stop being one. Someone who is identified as being in poverty lives beneath the poverty line determined by the Federal government. The poverty line in 2015 for a family of four was $24,250. These are the people who are really considered poor. Poverty isn’t just a problem in the United States; in fact, other countries struggle just as much, if not more, than the United States does. Many people struggle to keep themselves above the government’s poverty line, shown by the fact that the percent of poor people in America hasn’t drastically changed over the years. However, it is possible to get out of, and ultimately stay out of, poverty.
United States of America produces far more food than they could possibly manage to consume while they import the surplus. The question is how comes that some people lack this food that is claimed to be in surplus and go as far as the extent of dying? Scientists and researchers have come up with possible causes of what might have led to the rapid rates of death as a result of starvation. Some of the well-known factors that cause hunger in the United States of America as well as other continents such as Africa include poverty, AIDS, lack of infrastructure, ignorance, lack of clout, conflicts and war, environmental overload and also discrimination. For this essay, we will look at the various economic and political factors that cause the high rise on hunger and starvation in
There are many problems confronting our global food system. One of them is that the food is not distributed fairly or evenly in the world. According “The Last Bite Is The World’s Food System Collapsing?” by Bee Wilson, “we are producing more food—more grain, more meat, more fruits and vegetables—than ever before, more cheaply than ever before” (Wilson, 2008). Here we are, producing more and more affordable food. However, the World Bank recently announced that thirty-three countries are still famine and hungers as the food price are climbing. Wilson stated, “despite the current food crisis, last year’s worldwide grain harvest was colossal, five per cent above the previous year’s” (Wilson, 2008). This statement support that the food is not distributed evenly. The food production actually increased but people are still in hunger and malnutrition. If the food were evenly distributed, this famine problem would’ve been not a problem. Wilson added, “the food economy has created a system in w...
Food insecurity defined, is ‘the state of being without reliable access to a sufficient quantity of affordable, nutritious food’ (Oxforddictionaries.com, 2014). This in turn leads to hunger, which can have three possible meanings; 1) ‘the uneasy or painful sensation caused by want of food; craving appetite, also the exhausted condition caused by want of food’, 2) ‘the want or scarcity of food in a country’, and 3) ‘a strong desire or craving’ (Worldhunger.org, 2014). Food insecurity also leads to malnutrition, with 870 million people in the world or one in eight, suffering from chronic undernourishment (Fao.org, 2014). From this alarmingly high figure, 852 million of these people live in developing countries, making it evident that majority of strategies used to solve this problem should be directed at them (Fao.org, 2014). The world produces enough food to feed everyone, with an estimated amount of 2,720 Kcal per person a day (Worldhunger.org, 2014). The only problem is distri...
Every morning when I wake up the first thought in my mind is usually: FOOD! I often lie in bed for a few extra minutes, planning out what I am going to eat for breakfast. Seldom as I go through this routine do I stop to think about those who are less fortunate than me. I often take for granted that everyone wakes up and eats breakfast. But this is far from true, not everyone shares the luxuries that we have in the United States. Some people wake up and wonder if they will eat at all that day, let alone eat breakfast. Why? Because food, like many other things, is unequally distributed throughout the world.
One of the most complex issues in the world today concerns human population. The number of people living off the earth’s resources and stressing its ecosystem has doubled in just forty years. In 1960 there were 3 billion of us; today there are 6 billion. We have no idea what maximum number of people the earth will support. Therefore, the very first question that comes into people’s mind is that are there enough food for all of us in the future? There is no answer for that. Food shortage has become a serious problem among many countries around the world. There are many different reasons why people are starving all over the world. The lack of economic justice and water shortages are just merely two examples out of them all.
Without access to outside food the population in poorer countries drops and is “checked” by crop failures and famines. But access to outside food could be a problem because “if they can always draw on a world food bank in time of need, their populations can continue to grow unchecked, and so will their “need” for aid”(333). Poorer countries’ populations could surpass richer countries, then poorer countries will receive even more resources and give basically nothing, while the rich receive even less but give