REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Honeybees collect nectar and pollen from flowers as food source. The nutrients needed to grow colony populations and maintain their health comes from nectar and pollen. Nectar which is then converted in to honey, provides carbohydrates. Pollen as bee-bread supplies dietary requirements such as proteins, lipids, vitamins and minerals (Huang 2010; Degrandi-Hoffman 2013). A review by Wakhle (1981) reported the versatile characters of pollen and bees products. The royal-jelly produced by honeybees for queen raring, for which pollen is most important, which is rich in most essential nutrients.
Pollen is the male reproductive cell of the flowering plants. It is fine to coarse powder containing the micro-gametophytes of seed plants, which produces the male gametes (sperm cells). It contains high concentration of reducing sugars, essential amino acids, unsaturated/saturated fatty acids, minerals Zn, Cu, Fe and high K/Na ratio and significant quantities of the several vitamins. The amount of these nutritional relevant components is largely dependent on the biological source of the pollen (Campos & Bogdanov, 2010)
2.1 Bee-Pollen or Pollen collected by honeybees:
A hundreds or sometimes millions of pollen grains per flower are collected by honeybees and packed into pollen pellets on their hind legs with the help of special combs and hairs (Krell 1996). While forager bees forages on the flower for nectar, the pollen particles get dusted on them. Pollen is brushed of the worker’s body by their front and middle legs and transferred to a special structure in the hind legs called the cubicula or pollen basket. Forager bees unload their pollen by kicking the pollen pellets off their legs into the cell. These pollens are refe...
... middle of paper ...
...di & Mardan, 2011).
Generally, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) can be defined as Gram positive, non-spore forming, catalase negative, devoid of cytochromes, acid tolerant, and facultative anaerobe group that produce lactic acid as the major end-product during fermentation of carbohydrates. According to carbohydrate metabolism, they can be divided into two main groups:
1. Homofermentative LAB (produce mainly lactic acid).
2. Heterofermentative LAB (produce lactic acid, carbon dioxide, ethanol and/or acetic acid).
This classification is originated from metabolic routes that organisms used and resulting end product. While homofermentives use glycolysis (Embden- Meyerhof Pathway), heterofermentives use the 6-phosphogluconate/phosphoketolase Pathway (Bulut 2003) (Figure 2.2).
Figure 2.2 Glucose utilization metabolic pathway of LAB (Bulut, 2003)
Lack, Andrew, Proctor, Michael, Yeo, Peter. The Natural History of Pollination. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press, 1996.
...l; Retired, formerly apiculturist, U.S. Department of Agriculture. BEEKEEPING IN THE UNITED STATES; AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK NUMBER 335 Revised October 1980; Pages 2 – 9
Nicolson, S. W., & Fleming, P. A. (2003). Nectar as food for birds: the physiological consequences of drinking dilutesugar solutions. Plant Systematics & Evolution, 238(1-4), 139-153. doi:10.1007/s00606-003-0279-7
All around the world honeybees are vanishing at an alarming rate, according to the documentary Vanishing of the Honeybees. This film features two commercial bee keepers and their fight to preserve their bee numbers. David Hackenburg was the first commercial bee keeper to go public the bee population was decreasing. Approximately two billions bees have vanished and nobody knows the reason why. Honeybees are used all across America to help pollinate monoculture crops like broccoli, watermelon, cherries, and other produce. Without the honeybees the price for fresh and local produce would be too much money. According, to this film commercial bee keeper’s help fifteen billion dollars of food get pollinated by commercial
Our livestock depend on bee-pollinated plants like grain. Poorly pollinated plants produce fewer fruits and seeds, leading to higher prices (New Agriculturist, n.d.). Some crops are entirely dependent on pollinators such as almonds and others are 90 percent dependent on blueberries and cherries (ABF, 2015). Bees give us honey and we use this honey in food, shampoo, and moisturizers (Mercola, 2015). Bees pollinate 70 out of our 100 major crops; that includes apples, cucumbers, pumpkins, and many more.
Once collected the pollen is extracted from the soil, usually in the laboratory to avoid contamination, and analysed using a light, or scanning electron microscope (SEM). The wide differentiation in the size, shape and colour of the pollen grains enables identification to be made down to genera level. Following identification, the individual exines in a sub-set of the sample are quantified and plotted on a pollen analysis diagram, usually as a percentage of the whole.
Flowering plants have two main reproductive parts; the male part is called the stamen and produces pollen, while the female part is called the pistil. For pollination to occur, the pollen must be transferred from the stamen to the pistil. This transfer can occasionally be caused by wind, but it is most often facilitated by animals called pollinators. Pollinators do not intentionally set out to fertilize flowers; rather, they unintentionally spread pollen while roaming from plant to plant in search of food. There are many different species – including birds, butterflies, and bats – that act as pollinators, and many of these species are also suffering declines in population. However, honeybees are the most pr...
The locomotive engine may be symbolic of Walter. It is an overwhelming thing, strong and powerful, the way that Walter is a huge part of her life. However, it is also impersonable and cold, just as her relationship to her husband is. Her moments with her husband, like "the winding engine" are hurried "with brief pauses" (2113). Lawrence describes their intimacy as an "exchanging of nakedness," but without any real connection for long periods of time.
Issues Facing Bees Bees pollinate many crops and are vital to the survival of human beings. The population of bees has been declining due to the use of pesticides, pollution and disease (Klein, Cabirol, Devaud, Barron, & Lihoreau, 2017). Why Local Raw Honey? Local Raw Honey differs from the other honeys because it is 100% raw honey with pollen from bees that is cared for properly by the local farmer. Most honey has the vitamin-packed pollen stripped from it and has corn syrup added to it (Muhammad & Maulidya, 2016).
People often look at others and judge them based on their appearance. It is something everyone does based on human nature, but nobody knows what that person 's story it. Maybe that lady is dressed in ratty clothes because she works two jobs to support her family. People base these judgments on race, sex, and economic class. I often feel misjudged by people and it is hard because people do not know my real story. On the exterior, I look like a middle class white male and that is what I am, but I am much more than that. Nobody would see me and know that I am a Latino and guess how I got to where I am today. Everybody has a different background and everybody has created their own personal history different from the rest of the
During honey bee field trip, I had a first chance to go near to beehives and observe honey bee. Cluster of honey bees were everywhere. They are at the entrance of beehive, each comb of the beehive, even outside of the beehive. I was also surprised that each section of the beehives was too complicated. There were plenty of bees, hexagonal combs blocked or filled with larvae or honey, and a queen. When I used beehive tool and pull out beehive combs, cluster of bees crawl on to my hand. I was afraid about getting stung even though I was wearing gloves and bee suit, but fortunately, I was not get stung. As I touch the bees, it can feel its exoskeleton that I thought it will be crunchy if I tried to squish them with my fingers. When I tried to move
Insect pollination as we all know, is the process that enables reproduction and fertilization by the transfer of pollen performed by insects. Insects are some of the oldest pollinators of plants. Pollinating insects date back to 140 million years ago. Since then, due to how effective insect pollinators are, these flowering plants have become the major group of terrestrial vascular plants. Flowering plants, also known as angiosperms, have imperative roles within our ecosystems, both natural and agricultural. For instance, insects provide food, fiber and shelter for wildlife and humankind alike (2007). It is commonly know that in humans, high levels of fruit and vegetable consumption are associated with decreased risk of chronic disease (Calderone 2012). Aside from these important roles, plants have also been considered as a viable option for fuel sources (Calderone 2012). There are around 300,00 species of flowering plants in the world and without pollination, the reproductive process would be very difficult since pollination causes the production of seeds (Calderone 2012). Of the 300,000 plant species worldwide, a little over 3,000 of these plants have been used as a source of food. Close to 300 of these species are grown around the world today and only 12 of these plants make up about 90 percent of the food sources in our world. These 12 include the grains...
Bees are small flying insects, buzzing around with its painful stings which always make people afraid and annoyed. What generally relate with bees are their roles in pollination and producing honey and beeswax. So it seems that bees might be nothing to human as it’s easy to find substitutes for honey as flavoring. However, this perception is mistaken. Without bees, aftermath.
Home gardens offer a wide variety of benefits to the environment and serve a diverse group of people. Home gardening provides a source of fresh produce and free of chemicals, it also gives you complete control over the chemicals and products used during the growing process. A home garden allows you to pick the produce when its ripe, unlike produce at the store is often picked before its fully ripe. The quality and flavor of the freshly picked produce from home is better than the produce that might have unknown chemicals and was likely picked several days or weeks before being sold. The produce retains more nutrients when consumed shortly after being picked, making your home garden vegetables a healthier option. A garden also provides a positive environmental impact. The compost allows you to recycle certain kitchen and yard waste into a nutrient-rich additive for the garden. This provides natural fertilizer for you plants and reduces the wastes you produce. If you choose to avoid or limit chemical use, you reduce pollution from your gardening activities. Besides being good for the environment gardens have environmental gains for us. Gardening help control urban temperatures, If the environmental landscape design is effective it can cool your home in summer and warm it in winter, it can also reduce the energy cost by up to 20%. Gardening, and all the physical activity that goes along with it, leads to a better overall physical health, weight loss, improve you bones, and reduces the risk of having osteoporosis. “In a study of 3,310 older women, researchers from the University of Arkansas found that women involved in yard work and other types of gardening exercises had lower rates of osteoporosis than joggers, swimmers, and women wh...