Characteristics
Over pronation of the foot happens when too much weight is transferred to the medial part (the arch) of the foot. This can often be confused with plantar fasciitis. Over pronation of the foot is normally an over use injury that is developed over time. A person that goes a long period of time with this issue is putting a great deal of stress on the ligaments in the medial aspect of the ankle and this can result in a great deal of damage to them. An excess amount of damage can be con the muscles, tendons and ligaments of the ankle. Because being over pronated pulls the foot down, damage to the knees hips and back can also be caused from not being properly aligned.
Causes
Having low/fallen arches or planter fasciitis can cause over probation. People that are over weight or athletes that run a lot are also prone to over pronation because of the excesses impact to their feet.
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A person that over pronates will land with with the inside if their foot. The ankle drawer assessment will help determine the integrity of the ligaments in the ankle. Also the client should get a proper diagnosis for the exact reason why the foot is over pronating.
Massage Interventions
Therapeutic stretches of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles. If the ligament are weakened, cross fiber friction them to try to regain some of the integrity of the ankle back.
Additional Treatments
A doctor might recommend physical therapy to strength the muscles around the ankle, foot and lower leg.
Homework
Icing and elevating the foot help keep the swelling down in the foot. Doing excises like calf raises will help streghthen the muscles around the
The first activity was isolating the gastrocnemius muscle. A cut between the thigh and hip was made so the skin can be pulled down past the lower leg. Then the tendon was cut away from the bone of the heel and one end of the nine-inch string was tied to the tendon. This led to the isolation of the sciatic nerve, found between the hamstring and heel on the lateral side of the thigh. Using fingers, the seams along the quadriceps and hamstring underwent a blunt dissection. In doing so, the glass-dissecting probe was used to free the sciatic nerve embedded in the tissues. A four-inch string was inserted between the nerve and the tissues. Then the transducer was calibrated using a fifty-gram block under the “Frog Muscle” program. Parameter of CAL 1 was changed to zero grams and CAL 2 was changed
Witvrouw, E., Mahieu, N., Roosen, P., & McNair, P. (2007). The role of stretching in tendon injuries. British journal of Sports Medicine , 224-226.
Murray H, Husk L. (2001) Effect of kinesio taping on proprioception in the ankle. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 31; A-37.
What causes Osgood-Schlatter Disease? “As the actual cause of Osgood-Schlatter Disease is unknown, Osgood-Schlatters Disease is thought to be caused by small injuries due to repeated overuse before the area has finished growing (Dhar). Some studies report that up to 50% of patients relate a history of precipitating trauma (Dhar). During activities that involve a great deal of running, jumping, and bending-such as soccer, basketball, volleyball, and ballet, are a few of the sports that increase a child’s chances of being diagnosed with Osgood-Schlatter Disease (Diseases and Conditions: Osgood-Sch...
Plantar fasciitis is caused from muscles and ligaments that alter the calcaneous (the big bone on hill of foot) (Daniels and Morrell 2012). The alteration of these muscles and ligaments will inflict pain and discomfort on the patient, and if not treated will cause failure of ligaments, bones, and muscles. The patient was tested with a simple squat technique that showed his heels were coming off the ground (Daniels and M...
Shin splints can also occur if you have weak and stiff lower leg muscles, so to reduce your risk of developing shin splints, you have to strengthen your lower leg. You can start by strengthening your calf muscles. Stand on your toes then slowly lower your heels to the ground. Feel your calf muscles stretch as your rise up on your toes. Repeat this 10 times.
Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint condition that primarily affects the hands, spine and the ankles and hips. It is known to be associated with aging, and is concerned with the cartilage that protects the joints (the meeting place of two bones). Normal cartilage allows for bones to slide over each other uniformly, acting as a shock absorber to any damage. However cartilage in osteoarthritis, located at the ends of the bones erodes and deteriorates, causing friction and hence pain, swelling and restricted movement. Therefore in osteoarthritic both the composition and appearance of the cartilage alters, while the body attempts to repair this damaged cartilage is broken down faster than it can be built up. A defective repair process can cause bone overgrowth, bone spur/osteocytes to form which can be seen at the ends of the joints. In osteoarthritis the bones come in close contact with each other, and wear away leaving the bone exposed and unprotected.
For girls it is more common at the ages 10 through 13. This is the time of your heel plates are going through a rapid growth spurt.(Sever’s Disease; Symptoms) People with sports that involve jumping or running. In gymnastics when you’re constantly running and jumping into tricks, you are also constantly landing on the plates of your heel. Which is causing more friction between your growing heel plates causing a lot of pain. This however is not a disease but a common injury found in kids. Sever’s disease isn’t only caused by plates of your heel during a growth spurt. You can also develop Sever’s disease because your heel is growing to rapidly and your tendons and muscles can not keep up. Creating a pulled or strained feeling in your foot due to the stretching of muscles. This is such a common injury because your heel is one of the first body parts to grow to reach the adult
The soleus, gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior contract isometrically to keep the ankle stable at 90 degrees (Teachpe.com n.d.) (The previous reference identified was used to identify key joint types and muscles throughout my analysis).
One of the philosophical decisions made by novice athletic trainers is determining which is better: taping or bracing the ankle joint. There are several factors to consider including efficiency, stability, injury prevention and cost effectiveness. Ankle sprains are one of the most common athletic injuries with most occurring to the lateral ligaments of the ankle.1, 2,3,4,5 In American Football ankle sprains comprise approximately 10-15% of all injuries whereas 70% of college basketball players have had at least one ankle sprain. Furthermore ankle injuries are common in soccer, field hockey and other sports.3 To determine between taping an ankle or using a brace, effectiveness, efficiency, and cost effect are taken into consideration.
There are three-foot movements in gait the heel rocker, ankle rocker, and forefoot rocker. The heel rocker starts when the foot makes initial contact or heel strike with the ground and ends at foot flat. This is where the ankle is usually at ninety degrees of plantar flexion and it is the motion that is typically blocked by the AFO’s (331). The ankle rocker is the second movement in the gait pattern. It is when the foot is in full contact with the ground and ends at heel off. Then the forefoot rocker begins which is the third foot movement in the gait pattern. The forefoot rocker begins at heel off and it continues until the foot is off of the ground. At this point during gait the toes start to extend about fifty-five degrees before the foot leaves the ground (331). Extending the toes during gait helps allow the body to move forward over the foot. So if the forefoot rocker is blocked during gait the child may not be able to move forward. The child may compensate by shortening the foot length or doing inversion or eversion of the foot (332).
The human foot is an incredibly complex part of the body, it is made up of twenty-six bones which is fully twenty-five percent of the bones in the entire body. The structure of the forefoot includes the five metatarsal bones and the phalanges. The metatarsal bones are for forward movement and provides attachment for several tendons. The phalanges, also known as the toes, movement take place in the joints. The foot movement only has two movements; inversion and eversion. All the joints in the hindfoot and midfoot contributes to these complex movements. The foot has two significant functions: weight bearing and impulsion, which both requires a high degree of stability. The foot must also be flexible so it is able to adapt to uneven surfaces. The various bones and joints of the foot are what allows the foot to be flexible. In order for the foot to be able to support any weight the various of bones must form an arch. The foot has three arches that are maintain by the shape of the bones and by the ligaments. The arches are supported by the muscles and tendons. A foot is a strong, flexible, and durable it allows us to daily activities as we please while carrying all the
An ankle fracture is usually diagnosed with a physical exam and X-rays. A CT scan may also be done.
3. If supination is not prevented then pain in the outside of the shins and feet will occur.
• When sitting or lying down, raise (elevate) your feet. Try putting some pillows underneath your lower legs.