Physiological Effects of MDMA Use
MDMA has significant cardiovascular effects. This is
consistent with its norepinephrine releasing (Johnson et al.
1991; Rothman et al. 2001) and £\_2 adrenergic agonist (Lavelle et
al. 1999) properties. MDMA dose dependently produces robust
increases in heart rate and blood pressure (de la Torre et al.
2000a; de la Torre et al. 2000b; Grob et al.). Peak
cardiovascular effects occur between 1 and 2 hours after MDMA
administration and largely subside within 6 hours of drug
administration.
A study suggested that the relationship between MDMA dose
and cardiovascular effects was supralinear by de la Torre et al.
(2000a) who reported unexpectedly high drug exposures (measured
as AUCplasma for MDMA) and diastolic blood pressure increases in
two volunteers given 150 mg MDMA. While pharmacokinetic data
suggest MDMA has nonlinear kinetics, there is no clear evidence
of supralinear relationships between dose and blood pressure or
heart rate. In fact, there may be less increase in heart rate
after higher doses. The tendency toward less heart rate increase
with higher dose is consistent with a study using both conscious
and anesthetized rats (O'Cain et al. 2000). In this rat study, 3
mg/kg IV MDMA decreased heart rate, while lower doses tended to
increase it or leave it unchanged.
Studies monitoring blood pressure found significant
relationships between MDMA use and blood pressure. In one study,
(Vollenweider et al. 1998) involving subjects without a history
of MDMA use, one subject experienced hypertensive crisis from a
dose typical of recreational use. The correlation of blood
pressure is described, "A two way ANOVA for systolic blood
pressure revealed a significant main effect of drug [F(1,2) =
41.09; p < 02] and a significant drug x time interaction [F(3,6)
= 11.31; p < 007]. Significant changes occurred in the 0 to 75
minutes and 75 to 150 minutes interval (one way ANOVAs). Two way
ANOVA for diastolic blood pressure was not significant, but one
way ANOVAs showed significant changes in the 75 to 150 minutes
and the 150 to 300 minutes interval. Increases were in the range
of 10 to 30 mm Hg for systolic blood pressure and 5 to 10 mm Hg
for diastolic blood pressure." (Vollenweider et al. 1998
pp.245_246) This study shows a similarity in changes in systolic
blood pressure, and a lesser similarity in changes in diastolic
blood pressure. The occurrence of hypertensive crisis suggests
caution in potential use and study.
Primo Levi once said, " Human memory is a marvelous but fallacious instrument. The memories which lie within us are not carved in stone; not only do they tend to become erased as the years go by, but often they change, or even increase by incorporating extraneous features.." The memory of a human being is a fascinating matter, but it is not something that stays with us forever. Memories will often change or multiply with unnecessary information, but they are what define you as you.
Blood pressure is measured by mmHg (millimetres of mercury) and it is written as two numbers. The first number is the highest pressure that the heart reaches in beats and the second number is the lowest blood pressure reached between the heart beats. A normal blood pressure level in adults is blood pressure less than 120/80 but for someone with CKD; high blood pressure is if it is 130/80.
As Edward Counsel once said, “The steps of power are often steps on sand.” In Shakespeare’s classic tragedy Macbeth, a play about what power can do to a person, Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are put to the test when it comes to gaining the power of being king and queen. Although the two characters start off as ordinary people, Shakespeare shows through their changes that the need for power can bring out the worst in people.
In Shakespeare’s novel Macbeth, the theme of ambition for power and the corruption that comes along with it, is seen through the main character Macbeth. Macbeth first gains power at the beginning of the book, but as he rises higher up in the ranks, he begins to become more controlled by his newfound power in an effort to become the king of Scotland. As his power grew his corruption did as well, killing anybody who threatened his path to become king. This would lead to the eventual death of him, his wife and countless others. By analyzing the way Macbeth is under the influence of unrestrained ambition for power, it is clear that an unhealthy urge for power can lead to serious and devastating consequences for not only himself but the people around
“Meth, not even once” is a popular phrase that is associated with this drug. This drug has many known horrible effects associated with it, plus many effects more I am sure are going to be discovered over time. I am intending to cover the history, effects, the different categories of meth abuse, and the withdrawal effects of Methamphetamine in this paper, and what to do if you suspect someone you know is using meth.
What would it be like if any bad memory or any sad memory could be erased out of the brain forever? In the movie Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind (2004) Joel (Jim Carrey) and Clementine (Kate Winslet) had that opportunity available to them which they took full advantage of more than once. Thanks to the company Lacuna who does the erasing of Joel’s brain, we see the operation happen inside the thoughts of Joel. As the operation happens we see Joel slowly start to regret his choice of erasing Clementine. But as we continue to run though Joel’s memories we see different parts of them starting to fade away, which he learns but does not remember, even some of the bad memories are better to be kept than thrown away such as when they were at the train station, the bathing scene, the books at the book store, and the beach house are all memories that would have had some meaning to him that will remain lost.
Memory can be explained as the faculty by which the mind stores and remembers information. Some memories stay inside of your brain, with great detail. While others tend to fade away. Although you might not forget these memories completely, you will lose track of most details. Over the past few weeks, we, as a class, come into direct contact with these issues of memory. Memory is expressed greatly in two stories that were read over the past few weeks. Dry Season by Joe Wilkins, explains a whole story based off of the main characters memory of his father. While in Whatever Day It Is by Linda McCullough, the story is based on an elderly woman, and her memories of herself as a child. These two stories seem to take a unique, and different stance on memory.
Power can transform even the most loyal of men. In Shakespeare’s gloomy and morbid Macbeth, nothing is as it seems. Even the most loyal characters are duplicitous in their nature, exemplified by Macbeth. The greatest Scottish warrior becomes power hungry in his quest to re-kindle his relationship with his wife, Lady Macbeth, and is thrown over the edge when he is not appointed the Prince of Cumberland, an honor he feels he deserves. This same hunger for power ultimately destroys Macbeth, leading him to betray all those he loves, including king Duncan, his friend Banquo, and his wife.
“Macbeth” is a shakespearean tragedy that idolizes power and shows upon its victims how much greediness, damage, and conflict it can cause. Power is a very controlling factor that influences certain main characters who use the power to benefit themselves rather than others. The power conflicts with everyone within “Macbeth” and it all goes downhill with a deadly consequence.
The movie Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind expresses the idea of erasing memory from a person can changes their perspective as well as the people around them. Joel and Clementine are a couple who try to erase their memory so they can forget about their sorrow experience with one another.
The product being advertised is Neutrogena’s facial Oil-Free Acne Wash that acts as a facial cleanser and is now scented like a pink grapefruit. The biggest feature being promoted in the ad is that this wash smells great compared to competing acne washes while delivering the same high-quality acne medicine. The intended target demographic for this ad would be teenage girls between the ages of 13 and 25. Estimating an income range for the intend target audience is difficult considering how age This is based on the Neutrogena ad’s emphasis on an acne wash that smells great, in addition to the fact that the wash is pink.
Chute, Lily B. "Macbeth : A Study in Power." Readings on Macbeth. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, Inc., 1999. 126-35.
Blood circulates around the body due to the force exerted on it by the heart. During this process, it pushes through the blood vessels. The force which the blood exerts against the walls of the arties during this process is referred to as the blood pressure. It’s never constant, it varies depending on the body demands. Thus, it’s vital to monitor blood pressure on regular basis. It is measured using a sphygmomanometer. This procedure should be done when the patient is in relaxed. The measurement is usually recorded as 2 numbers, that is to say, 120/80. The lager number represents the systolic blood pressure (pressure in arteries), while the smaller number represents the diastolic blood pressure (as the heart relaxes).
Blood pressure is measured by two pressures; the systolic and diastolic. The systolic pressure, the top number, is the pressure in the arteries when the heart contracts. The diastolic pressure, the bottom number, measures the pressure between heartbeats. A normal blood pressure is when the systolic pressure is less than 120mmHg and Diastolic pressure is less than 80mmHg. Hypertension is diagnosed when the systolic pressure is greater than 140mmHg and the diastolic pressure is greater than 90mmHg. The physician may also ask about medical history, family history, life style habits, and medication use that could also contribute to hypertension
William Shakespeare’s play The Tragedy of Macbeth is a tale set in the middle ages that demonstrates the corruption of political conquest and conspiracy. Macbeth and his wife, Lady Macbeth, commence on a destructive path in pursuit of power and influence. Power within itself hinders a threshold of such an empowering embrace through a mentality manifested by a prideful and egomaniacal person such as Macbeth, considering he was never before in a position of power. While the play unfolds, there are many devices the author demonstrates to describe the applicability Macbeth feels to get a sense of what it’s like to be king. Shakespeare uses literary elements such as rhythm, tone, and imagery to present an image of unveiling bloodlust and abuse of power shown by Macbeth and Lady Macbeth.