Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has proven to be an encouraging therapy used in treating metastatic melanoma skin cancers. There are three requirements for PDT to be successful: a photosensitizer (PS), light, and oxygen in the tumor site. One problem with current PS is their inability to penetrate deeply. A suggested PS is chlorin e6 (Ce6) because of its high singlet oxygen quantum yield, bright fluorescence, and rapid clearance from the body. However, there are some challenges with Ce6 as it is not water soluable, has poor pharmacokinetics, and lack of the ability to specifically target the tumor. To help solve these challenges, Ce6 was conjugated to carbon dot (Cdot). This helps Ce6 be more water soluble and extend the half life in the blood. Additionally, Cdot indirectly excites Ce6 by Forster fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Cdot is also nno-cytotoxic, and has a cheap …show more content…
B16F10 cells were injected into hairless mice and the tumors allowed to grow. The average volume was 77 mm3. After a week, PBS, Ce6, Cdot-Ce6, or Cdot-C36-HA was topically administered to the tumor and washed with DI water. The tumors were then irradiated with a 660 nm laser on one side only and tumor growth was monitored. Finally, the tumors were removed and evaluated for tumor apoptosis. The results of the in vitro models was that endocytosis did occur in the cells treated with Cdot-Ce6-HA. Using a live/dead assay, these cells showed red fluorescence, suggesting cell death. Cdot-Ce6-HA also showed more photodynamic effect on the cancers cells, when compared to Ce6, and Cdot-Ce6. The in vivo model showed that transdermal delivery resulted in delivery of Cdot-Ce6-HA through the cancerous cells, but not normal skin. It also was able to penetrate into deeper skin, when compared to Ce6 and Cdot-Ce6. This led to the conclusion of successful transdermal delivery of CDot-Ce6-HA to the cancerous
In the end, regardless of the scientific methods that could be used to treat different diseases and more specifically retinal degeneration, many studies should be conducted determine the potential clinical application of photobiomodulation with NIR for treatment of different injuries and disorders.
National Cancer Institute at the National Institutes of Health Melanoma Treatment (PDQ) Treatment Option Overview 2012 retrieved from http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/melanoma/Patient/page4
This shows that there could be three variables in this experiment, carbon dioxide, water and light energy. So in our case the variable light energy (light intensity) will be used. The equation also shows that if there is more light energy then more glucose and oxygen will be produced.
U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. 1990. Unconventional Cancer Treatments, OTA-H-405. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Altman, Lawrence K. ìShark Substance Found to Limit Tumor Growth.î New York Times 1 May 1996: A15.
... Impact of ozone depletion on skin cancers. The Journal of Dermatologic Surgery and Oncology 14: 853-857.
Cancer is a disease in which cells multiply out of control and gradually build a mass of tissue called a tumor. There has been a large amount of research dedicated to the treatment and cure of cancer. Several types of treatments have been developed. The following are just some of the major examples of cancer therapy: surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, biologic therapy, biorhythms, unconventional treatments, and hyperthermia. Each type of treatment is discussed in detail below.
Skin cancer is a disease in which malignant cancer cells are found in the outer layer of the human skin. This particular cancer is one of the most common cancers among the U.S. population, affecting and spreading over more than one million people a year. “Skin cancer is categorized into two separate groups being; malignant melanomas and non-melanoma cancers.” (Adam, 2013)
Tumors are formed by the alteration of the body’s own cells. This can be caused by environmental factors such as radiation, like UV exposure, chemicals or viruses 1. These can disrupt genes that control growth and cause an increase in cell division and proliferation. Proto-oncogenes are those genes that control normal but essential cell processes that keep cell growth and death in check. Two important categories are apoptosis genes, which regulate cell death, and tumor suppressor genes, which decrease cell propagation 1 . If these genes were mutated to the point where they cannot produce a functioning protein, cell division would continue far past what it was supposed to and unhealthy cells would be allowed to live and continue to multiply. This is what creates a malignant tumor. Certain conditions in the body can also promote the growth of cancer cells. One of these is a deficiency of natural killer (NK) cells, which are able to kill cancer cells by creating a pore in the cell membrane with perforin and releasing granzymes into the cell. Low levels of perforin allow for tumor growth 1. Chronic inflammation can also ...
Almost everyone is touched by cancer in some way and the number of people living with and beyond cancer grows greater every year. Globally 14 million people are diagnosed with cancer each year and 8 million people will die from it annually. Half of all men and one-third of all women will develop cancer during their lifetime. (13) There are many treatments for cancer, mainly: surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. These traditional treatments have many negative side effects. Therefore, increasingly, other treatments, such as hormonal therapy and targeted therapy are being used for certain cancers. Nanotechnology is a form of targeted therapy that destroys cancer tumors with minimal damage to healthy tissues and organs. Scientists are already using nanotechnology in early detection of elimination of cancer cells before they form tumors. But the real game changer will be when nanotechnology targets cancer tumors in treatment (11,13).
...the body. Radiation can also cause damage to normal tissue. Thus chemotherapy acts in a harmful way. Here lies the fundamental difference between the chemotherapy and herbal medicine. In chemotherapy the chemicals act on the body, causing harm to the body, actively disrupting the vital processes interfering, interrupting, impairing in a dynamic manner whereas, in contrast the body acts on herb resulting in the restorative, curative and yet passive influences of herbal medicine. The rhizomes of Sansevieria roxburghiana is reported to possess anticancer activity18,20. So far there is no bioactivity guided fractionation studies on anticancer activity of rhizomes of Sansevieria roxburghiana. Therefore, a detailed investigation of the rhizome of Sansevieria roxburghiana is needed to establish scientific data on the anticancer potential using various cell lines.
...wth of both normal and malignant cells. The limited research that has been performed using these cells has yielded contradictory results: some results say that the alpha5beta1 integrins destroy cancer cells, other results have shown that cell division and other necessary cell functions have been encouraged by the integrin. But the research has predominantly shown that the results of the expression of alpha5beta1 integrins yield beneficial results in terms of cancer tumor reduction. More research needs to be done, but the knowledge obtained from this experiment that alpha5beta1 integrin prevents premature cell death is an excellent step forward in the fight against cancer. There are untold possibilities of the medical applications of not only alpha5beta1 integrins, but all of the many integrins and cell adhesion molecules that play important roles in cell function.
...cations. Many people will find that amount of sunlight they receive has little or no impact on the state of their psoriasis, but in the cases where the light therapy has worked, it seems to reduce the appearance of the lesions greatly. Obviously, the risk of the UV light therapy is the possible threat of skin cancer.
Light is a very important factor in the rate of photosynthesis, in my project I am going to test that plants do need light in order to photosynthesise. It will be very interesting to see how light will influence the rate of photosynthesis in plants and what will happen if they do not get the required light in order to produce starch .
An Experiment to Investigate the Effect of Light Intensity on the Rate of Photosynthesis. Introduction Photosynthetics take place in the chloroplasts of green plant cells. It can produce simple sugars using carbon dioxide and water causing the release of sugar and oxygen. The chemical equation of photosynthesis is: [ IMAGE ] 6CO 2 + 6H20 C 6 H12 O 6 + 6O2 It has been proven many times that plants need light to be able to photosynthesize, so you can say that without light the plant would neither photosynthesize nor survive.