Wait a second!
More handpicked essays just for you.
More handpicked essays just for you.
Cicero short essays
Don’t take our word for it - see why 10 million students trust us with their essay needs.
Recommended: Cicero short essays
Petrarch’s letter to Cicero symbolizes his quest for knowledge from the ancient philosophers and his effort to bring out the best of humanism in Florentine society. His very act of writing a letter to an ancient philosopher represents his longing to be associated with the antiquity and his desires to get guidance from the ancient leaders. This letter addresses to an individual (Cicero), but it is intended for the Florentine society, which shows that Petrarch wanted to provide a new lens of studying history—by questioning the authors and finding morality through the study of antiquity and the ancient philosophers. It is the essence of humanism to constantly try to improve the society by guiding it towards being moral and focused in improving …show more content…
He repeatedly questions Cicero’s judgments and the ways that he dealt with certain people such as Antony and Augustus (third paragraph). He begins the letter in delight as if he had found some valuable jewels when he found Cicero’s letters (first paragraph). However, his amazement gradually turns into disappointment and condemnation as Cicero fails to live up to Petrarch’s expectation of being a “traveler in the night, whose torch lights up for others.” Petrarch takes control of the letter from the second paragraph, which in a way implies that he is doing better than Cicero and commands to Cicero to “be the listener” (second paragraph) and grieves at his “fickleness” and feels pity and shame towards him (third paragraph, line 21). Petrarch had to reconcile with the notion that even the highly respected ancient leaders’ personality was not consistent with their public glory. As a result, Petrarch feels “no confidence in the arts in which” Cicero is “so proficient” (Third paragraph). Cicero certainly stands out in the Renaissance history because of his glory as a great leader and a philosopher, but Petrarch’s letter certainly makes us question his abilities and
...within the political realm. To that end, Cicero’s hope for the future necessitates the populace possess the virtues as well, most importantly wisdom, so that they may quickly recognize when a dishonorable course of action occurs and needs to be remedied. Julius Caesar’s recent assassination, and Cicero’s lamentation of Caesar’s forceful dissolution of the Republic, often becomes apparent within the text, most notably in the warning against “dangerous flatterers” (19). To avoid the fate of the Republic, the populace must also posses the virtues, namely wisdom, so that unjust action can be discerned and halted, lest a leader gain too much power and dissolve popular sovereignty.
After reading the Life of Crassus and the Life of Caesar carefully, Plutarch's opinion of these men, and the messages to the reader are plainly seen. He had very contrasting views of Crassus and Caesar, holding one as a model and the other as a negative example. Granted Crassus did have his positive points, but his greed consumed and destroyed him, exemplifying how Plutarch though people should not be. Caesar through moderation, skill, and popularity was able to rise to the top of Rome, personifying Plutarch's vision of what a ruler and person should be.
Cicero believed humans to not be estranged in essence, he thought the contrary, all were connected through god and his divine law and plan. Through following god’s law, humans could achieve what was planned for humanity. The scholar asserted that through a uniting universal force, humans had a sense of togetherness in their essence and who they were. He asserted that a common good could be achieved if enough effort would be applied.
Established in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries to counter the limited ideals of medieval scholasticism, Renaissance Humanism were educational and social reform ideals that sought to emphasize individualism as a central value in contrast to religious beliefs. Humanists revered the dignity of human kind and called for a life of virtuous action. The writings of Petrarch and Pico exemplify humanist thought by displaying the values of self-knowledge, individualism, and studying lessons from the past; appealing to the authorities of the Greek and Latin classics by Cicero, Vergil, Horace, Plato and Livy. Petrarch and Pico’s thinking can be constituted as a marked departure from medieval attitudes and beliefs, due to the origins of humanist resources being classical and biblical rather stemmed from medieval philosophers and theologians.
On that first fateful day, when Romulus struck down his own brother Remus, the cauldron of Rome was forged in blood and betrayal. The seeds on the Palatine hill cultured one of the most potent and stretching empires of human history. Though this civilization seemingly wielded the bolts of Zeus, they were infested with violence, vanity, and deception. Yet, one man—or seemingly “un”-man—outshone and out-graced his surroundings and everyone within it. He brought Rome several victories and rescued his beloved country from an early exodus, thus providing her a second beginning. This man was Marcus Furius Camillus, and against a logical and emotional mind, he was oft less than loved and celebrated. At times he was disregarded, insulted and even exiled—irrevocably an unwarranted method to reward Rome’s “Second Founder.” This contrast of character between hero and people was perhaps too drastic and too grand. The people were not yet ready to see Marcus Furius Camillus as a model of behavior to be emulated—to be reproduced. Hence, much of Livy’s Book 5 provides a foundation for the Roman people to imitate and assimilate a contrasting, honest, and strong behavior and temperament
ABSTRACT: In Vico’s New Science wisdom is understood in a double sense. On the one hand, wisdom means the poetic wisdom that provides intelligibility for the peoples of the nations during their early stages of development. On the other hand, wisdom means the noetic knowledge gained by the Vichian scientist who contemplates concrete historicity in the light of the New Science. By means of an examination of three principle aspects of Vico’s science, and by looking to his conception of the origin of the most rudimentary institutions of humanity, primordial piety— fear of the mythic other— is shown to be the origin of poetic wisdom. And, by focusing on the necessity of surmounting the conceit of scholars and the conceit of nations for a science of universal history, philosophical piety— openness to the wholly Other— is revealed as the ground of philosophical wisdom. This paper sets out to show how Vico’s science of the principles of humanity is, at the same time, a science of the unity of piety and wisdom.
“Whatever distinction a Roman Equestrian can possess—and it can undoubtedly be very great—has always been judged as belonging to Marcus Caelius in the fullest measure, and is still so judged today” (Pro Caelio 3, pg 130). This quote is taken from the early parts of the defense speech and is used by Cicero to build a foundation surrounding the character of Cicero. Cicero states himself that “he must sway the hearts of the audience” that is exactly what he is doing with this statement about the character of Caelius. He is first refuting the assertion made by the prosecution that Caelius is a vagabond of types who does not obtain the traits of a Proper Roman because of his Equestrian ancestry. Cicero utterly deny’s that and instead demonstrates that Caelius is a man above reproach who comes from an esteemed line of Roman Equestrians and that the Equestrian class is not a class to be looked down on. “Being the son of a Roman Equestrian is something that the prosecution should never have used as a slur before these jurors, or before myself as an advocate.” (Pro Caelio 4, pg 130). There is quite a bit of irony in this statement, Cicero is to an affect reprimanding the prosecution for utilizing slander in order to tear down Caelius. This is something that Cicero himself will do later in his speech when he attacks the
Among the minor works of Cicero, the essays On Old Age and On Friendship have and always will be admired for their urbane, and cultivated style. The four collections of letters to his friends are among his most precious works. These letters are a spontaneous self-revelation of Cicero and an excellent source of information not the politics of ancient Rome.
Petrarch was a poet and a scholar in Renaissance Italy. “Petrarch is much admired as the first Renaissance man,” (Simpson 1). He is often acknowledged for commencing the Renaissance period. “Petrarch shaped a new sense of literary history and practice,” (Carlino 2). “He inaugurated the dialogical era,” (Celenza 10). He found a new way to write the language which was extremely different at the time. “Much of Petrarch’s well-groomed identity comes from his work in Latin,” (Carlino 2). He wrote most of his works in Latin.
Humanism can be defined as “an intellectual movement in Renaissance Italy based on the study of Greek and Roman classics.” Humanistic values were very important in this time because it influenced many people to believe in individuality and instigated the future events such as the Christian Reformation in the 15th century. When humanism began to be an important characteristic in society, many creative people would create art and literature about it. Perugino in his painting, “The Delivery of the Keys to St. Peter.” had displayed humanism in many ways. Humanism gave more value to humans which meant more people would study the human anatomy. Through the studies of anatomy, Perugino was able to put lots of specifics into the human bodies to make
Francesco Petrarch, otherwise known as the “father of humanism,” played a vital role in igniting the Renaissance Period (Whitfield). His works and ideas influenced many other poets and writers after his death. Petrarch was known for his deep and symbolic works that are still read and analyzed today. Petrarch’s father’s death began his full onset of studying and writing literature (Whitefield). Francesco Petrarch focused on studying classics, and he was the epitome of what a Renaissance Period writer should be; through his famous Petrarchan Sonnet, he was better able to bring out important themes and stylistic devices that highlighted his love for Laura and how death interfered with his ability to love her .
...o look at the clerk’s submission and read it as a technique to gain power. If the clerk is not praising Petrarch, he is critiquing him and his interpretation of the tale. Petrarch believed the tale to represent submission to God, through the clerk’s false submission he twists the tale, making it about the way submission can be used by some authorities to control and abuse. The masochistic acceptance of punishment on the part of Griselda correlates the internal corruption that flourishes in those who hold power and strive to maintain that hold.
The Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius was born Marcus Annius Verus on April 26, 121 A.D.. He was of a noble family originally Spanish, Aurelius grew up close to the center of power. His father was Annius Verus, his mother Domitia Lucilla. When he was a child the emperor Hadrian took interest in him because he embraced both rhetoric and philosophy; his manner was serious, his intellectual pursuits deep and devoted, so that the emperor punned on his name and called him “Verissimus”, ‘Most Truthful”. It is this quality of Aurelius character which made him a unique figure in Roman history, since he was the first emperor whose life was molded by devotion to philosophy. He received public honors from an early age and seemed to be Hadrian potential successo...
In the works of Cicero, we see him asking questions about social responsibility, about what it is that gives value to a human life. Cicero conveys to us his belief that it is most natural for a person to show the most defined charac...
The Renaissance is the guidance of ideology for the Western European from the medieval society to the modern excessive cultural and ideological movements. Humanism is the core of thought. Humanism is a people-oriented rational thought, mainly concern about human and human nature. It includes human dignity, the value of the human being. The humanism was based on the ancient Greek and Roman literature study, advocate the basis of man’ dignity, think that a man can control his/her own destiny and confirm the value of human. As the rebirth of literature, scholars found out importance of thinking and the power of reason. Therefore, many significant literatures had written by scholars during the Renaissance. Pico della Mirandola and Niccolo Machiavelli were the two of the important humanists during the Renaissance. Pico della Mirandola wrote about the human dignity. His work “Oration On The Dignity Of Man” has brought a new view of belief and influenced the later scholars. Niccolo Machiavelli’s work “The Prince” pointed out the significant being as a king.