My Topic:
The topic that I decided to do was the Fruit juice production and enzyme recovery. This will include things such as what concentration of pectinase will allow for a greater yield of fruit juice. What is the optimum temperature at which the pectinase enzyme can break down the Apple the most effectively?
Sub Questions:
• What is the optimum temperature where pectinase will work the most effectively?
• What concentration of pectinase enzyme will be most effective in producing a greater yield of fruit juice?
Hypothesis:
• The pectinase enzyme will work most effectively at a constant room temperature 25-35 degrees Celsius.
• The higher the concentration of pectinase enzyme, the greater the yield of apple juice there will be.
Aim:
1) To determine at what temperature Pectinase enzyme works the most effectively. (Experiment 1)
2) To determine what concentration of pectinase enzyme will produce a greater yield of apple juice.(Experiment 2)
List of Apparatus:
Experiment 1
• 1x fruit chosen
• Sharp knife
• Standard solution of pectinase enzyme (50ml)
• Tap water (1 cup)
• Ice
• Boiling water
• Water bath ( able to control temperature)
• 4x small beakers
• 4x test tubes
• 1x test tube rack
• 4 pieces of filter paper
• 1x filter funnel
• 1x 10ml measuring cylinder
• Thermometer
• Marker pen
• Stop watch
Experiment 2
• 20ml Pectinase solution
• 20ml of distilled water
• 2x 10ml syringe
• 2x 5ml syringe
• 5x Test tubes
• 5x 20ml Beakers
• 5x Funnels
• 5x Sheets of filter paper
• 1x Pietry dish
• 1x Sharp knife
• 1x Greater
• 1x Test tube Rack
• 1x Measuring cylinder
• 1x Digital scale
• 1x Stop watch
• 1x Temperature controlled water bath
Method: experiment 1
• Make sure you have all the apparatus lis...
... middle of paper ...
... concentration of pectinase solution was present.
• The apple pulp that was only mixed with distilled water only produced 3ml of apple juice which lacked in colour and taste.
My Reflection:
Ultimately I have enjoyed the entire process of finding research and conducting my experiments. I have gained the knowledge through my ORT that just because you have more of something weather be higher concentrations of pectinase solution or a higher temperature for the enzymes to work in doesn’t mean it will give you the best results. Through the ORT process I found myself proving my own hypothesis’s wrong through practical experiments and came up with surprising results. I have made conclusions that based on my Data collected is accurate. This ORT topic has also given me insight into how the juice industry works and what exactly goes into make each glass of juice we drink.
After conducting this experiment and collecting the data I would have to say that the optimal temperature for enzyme activity would have to be room temperature which in my experiment was thirty-four degrees Celsius. I came to this answer because the glucose test strip showed that at room temperature there was more glucose concentration that at either of the other temperatures. Due to temperature extremes in the boiling water the enzymes could no longer function because the breakdown of lactose stopped. The cold water also hindered the breakdown of the lactose but as the water warmed the enzymes were more active which can be seen in the results for the cold water at 20 minutes B. Describe the relationship between pH and the enzymatic activity of lactase.
Catecholase is an enzyme formed by catechol and oxygen used to interlock oxygen at relative settings, and it is present in plants and crustaceans (Sanyal et. al, 2014). For example, in most fruits and vegetables, the bruised or exposed area of the pant becomes brown due to the reaction of catechol becoming oxidized and oxygen becoming reduced by gaining hydrogen to form water, which then creates a chain that is is the structural backbone of dark melanoid pigments (Helms et al., 1998). However, not all fruits and plants darken at the same rate. This leads to question the enzymatic strength of catecholase and how nearby surroundings affect its activity. The catecholase enzyme has an optimal temperature of approximately 40°C (Helms et al., 1998). Anything above that level would denature the tertiary or primary structure of the protein and cause it to be inoperable. At low temperatures, enzymes have a slower catalyzing rate. Enzymes also function under optimal pH level or else they will also denature, so an average quantity of ions, not too high or low, present within a solution could determine the efficiency of an enzyme (Helms et al., 1998). Also, if more enzymes were added to the concentration, the solution would have a more active sites available for substrates and allow the reaction rate to increase if excess substrate is present (Helms et al., 1998). However, if more
This experiment will determine the levels of Vitamin C present in each of the different fruit juices selected. The level of Vitamin C will be compared between each fruit juice to determine which one has the highest amount of Vitamin C. Several drops from one fruit juice will be mixed into an iodine solution then repeated with a different fruit juice. With every drop of fruit juice a chemical reaction occurs and the process continues until the solution becomes colorless. The reaction will vary in according to the amount of Vitamin C present in each one of the different fruit juices.
The shape of the molecules is changing and so the enzyme molecules can no longer fit into the gaps in the substrate that they need to and therefore the enzymes have de – natured and can no longer function as they are supposed to and cannot do their job correctly. Changing the temperature: Five different temperatures could be investigated. Water baths were used to maintain a constant temperature. Water baths were set up at 40 degrees, 60 degrees and 80 degrees (Celsius). Room temperature investigations were also carried out (20 degrees).
The independent variable for this experiment is the enzyme concentration, and the range chosen is from 1% to 5% with the measurements of 1, 2, 4, and 5%. The dependant variable to be measured is the absorbance of the absorbance of the solution within a colorimeter, Equipments: Iodine solution: used to test for present of starch - Amylase solution - 1% starch solution - 1 pipette - 3 syringes - 8 test tubes – Stop clock - Water bath at 37oc - Distilled water- colorimeter Method: = == ==
Investigating the Effect of Substrate Concentration on Catalase Reaction. Planning -Aim : The aim of the experiment is to examine how the concentration of the substrate (Hydrogen Peroxide, H2O2) affects the rate of reaction. the enzyme (catalase).
We hypothesized that the more heat that we put in or the more heat that we take out, would denature the enzymes and slow down the rate. We set up a plate of depressions the same way as above. We boiled water to 50o C, poured the water onto a tray and did the steps of placing the discs in same as above and timed it until they rose above the surface. We did the same process but instead of using heat, we put ice and cold water on a tray which was about 3.5o C. The control for this experiment was the one that we did before because it was at room temperature. The results for the hot tray showed no rate. The cold tray sped up the rate of reactions making it occur faster than at room temperature starting at 6 for 100% catalase. This lab supported and disproved our hypotheses. It supported our hypothesis for adding more heat because the enzymes were in such hot conditions that the heat denatured the enzyme, making it not possible to create a chemical reaction. So the rate of reaction was zero because the enzymes didn’t split apart hydrogen peroxide. The cold tray disproved our hypothesis. We thought that the cold tray would also denature the the catalase so that there would be little to no rate. Maybe the data came out this way because the catalase was left out in room temperature for a long time that maybe when we took away the heat, it sped up the reaction rate.
The reason I chose this topic was because I wanted to find out what enzymes are used for, to what extent they are used in our bodies and, how vast are their applications in food industries.
This lab has two sections. The first section deals with fermentation. The purpose of the fermentation lab is to alter 5 different independent variables (temperature, acid ph, alkali ph, enzyme concentration, and substrate concentration), to learn about their effects on the ongoing process of fermentation.
or it may be optimum it depends on what is the best pH that the enzyme
Abstract: Enzymes are catalysts therefore we can state that they work to start a reaction or speed it up. The chemical transformed due to the enzyme (catalase) is known as the substrate. In this lab the chemical used was hydrogen peroxide because it can be broken down by catalase. The substrate in this lab would be hydrogen peroxide and the enzymes used will be catalase which is found in both potatoes and liver. This substrate will fill the active sites on the enzyme and the reaction will vary based on the concentration of both and the different factors in the experiment. Students placed either liver or potatoes in test tubes with the substrate and observed them at different temperatures as well as with different concentrations of the substrate. Upon reviewing observations, it can be concluded that liver contains the greater amount of catalase as its rates of reaction were greater than that of the potato.
It changes from blue to red with acids but loses its colour in the presence of certain chemicals, one of which is vitamin C. DCPIP solution can be used to test for the presence of vitamin C in foods. Hypothesis Orange juice has the highest content of vitamin C. Citrus fruits have a higher content of vitamin C. The orange and lemon juice contain more vitamin C than the pineapple juice. Furthermore, as lemons are more acidic than oranges, I predict that the orange juice will contain more vitamin C than the lemon juice. Vitamin C affects, the ph the more vitamin C the higher the ph. Variables Independent Variables Different fruit juices (Pineapple, orange and lemon).
Hypothesis: If a test tube filled with 3% hydrogen peroxide and catalase solution, the room temperature will increase the activity. Freezer, refrigerator, and boiling water will have
There were five test solutions used in this experiment, water being the control, which were mixed with a yeast solution to cause fermentation. A 1ml pipetman was used to measure 1 ml of each of the test solutions and placed them in separated test tubes. The 1 ml pipetman was then used to take 1ml of the yeast solution, and placed 1ml of yeast into the five test tubes all containing 1 ml of the test solutions. A 1ml graduated pipette was placed separately in each of the test tubes and extracted 1ml of the solutions into it. Once the mixture was in the pipette, someone from the group placed a piece of parafilm securely on the open end of the pipette and upon completion removed the top part of the graduated pipette.
The temperature of the water shows if the temperature in which catalase reacts in has an effect on the amount of oxygen produced. Every enzyme has an optimum amount of pH, which allows it to have a higher reaction velocity (WBC).The higher the reaction velocity the more reactive the enzyme is. Measuring the different amount of pH solutions and their effect on the amount of oxygen produced can show the optimum pH for catalase and the effect pH has on catalase. The data that these three independent variables will yield will allow us to better understand the effects concentration, temperature and pH have on the enzyme catalase. If catalase reacts at full concentration, 37 degrees celsius and a pH of eight the enzyme catalase will produce more oxygen than if it is at room temperature, a lower concentration and a more acidic base because the higher temperature will allow molecules to move faster and have a higher chance to collide and react, a higher concentration will create a higher enzyme to substrate ratio which allows it to react more and finally a more basic pH will allow it catalase to have a higher reaction