Introduction
There are many ways to explain the way a child is the way they are and why they act the way they do. One explanation is through intergenerational transmission. Intergenerational transmission is a process that leads to perseverance of one’s culture, can be selective, and is a bidirectional process (from parent to child or child to parent) (Scabini & Marta, 2006; Schonpflug, 2001). There are many different characteristics and/or temperaments that can be intergenerationally transmitted, such as values, parenting behaviors, gender, and much more. Another trait that can be intergenerationally transmitted, from parent to child, is externalizing problem behaviors. An externalizing problem behavior “refers to a grouping of behavior problems that are manifested in children’s outward behavior and reflect the child negatively acting on the external environment” (Liu, 2004, p. 94). This literature review will examine the intergenerational transmission of externalizing problem behaviors. The vast research on the intergenerational transmission of externalizing problem behaviors, that will be discussed, will be between two generations and three generations. The externalizing problem behaviors that will be examined are antisocial, conduct, and aggression, and each of these will be defined using Merriam-Webster.com.
Literature Review
Overview
Parenting and Family. There are several factors that need to be examined when discussing the intergenerational transmission of externalizing problem behaviors. Considering that the family plays a major role in the socialization of children, the first factor that needs to be examined is the role that parenting and family play in the intergenerational transmission (Kalmuss, 1984). Th...
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...urnal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32(2), 174-185. doi: 10.1177/0022022101032002005
Silberg, J. L., Maes, H., & Eaves, L. J. (2012). Unraveling the effect of genes and environment in the transmission of parental antisocial behavior to children's conduct disturbance, depression and hyperactivity. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 53(6), 668-677. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02494.x
Smith, C. A., & Farrington, D. P. (2004). Continuities in antisocial behavior and parenting across three generations. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45(2), 230-247. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00216.x
Thornberry, T.P., Freeman-Gallant, A., Lizotte, A.J., Krohn, M.D., & Smith, C.A. (2003). Linked lives: The intergenerational transmission of antisocial behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 31(2), 171–184. doi: 0091-0627/03/0400-0171/0
However, Peter had left the household in 2001, but still supported the family financially. In the book Criminal Behavior: A Psychological Approach by Curt R. Bartol discusses the parental and family risk factors of single-parent households. In the early studies it was concluded that delinquents are more likely to come from homes where parents were separated or divorced. In recent studies researchers have looked into the correlation of single-parent households, the quality of the parent-child relationship, economic status, emotional support available, and more. In the study of “conflict-ridden vs. conflict-free” it focused on the process rather than structure of family. Children from a single-parent home that are relatively conflict-free are less likely to be a delinquent than children from conflict-ridden “intact” homes. A stable, secure, and mutually supportive family is exceedingly important
There are many causes on why a child or teenager may misbehave. There could be issues at home, with family, other kids, peer pressure, and the list goes on. This can affect family, friends and their own lives in a negative way. “Understanding why children engage in bad behavior is critical to curbing it”, illustrates Harvey Karp, M.D, a pediatrician and author of the book and DVD “The Happiest Toddler On The Block”. In that case, there is a lot to be learned about the cause of misbehavior.
Moffitt, Terrie E. 1993. “Adolescence-Limited and Life-Course-Persistent Antisocial Behavior: A Developmental Taxonomy.” Psychological Review 100:674–701.
Risk factors act as precursors for detrimental behavioral, social, and emotional activity. Inherited genetic disorders have long historically had strong correlations with this type of maladaptive behav...
When the social, educational, financial and health needs of a person are not satisfied through the family then they may be inclined towards criminal activities. There are some other family related factors that affect the behavior of children and they might go for criminal activities. Some of these factors include adaptation of bad parenting practices and styles, neglecting the child, child abuse and trend of criminal behavior in the family which is then learned by the child. It also includes a family history with mental illness, teenage pregnancy, substance use, school dropout and interpersonal conflicts among the family members (Cassel & Bernstein, 2007).
Childhood Disruptive Behaviors Early Childhood Children at this stage (aged 4 to 8) understand the world by perceiving it, being influenced by it, and acting on it. In turn, the surrounding world shapes the child. This demonstrates the role of nurture within the child’s environment, as well as its role in developing behavior patterns. Longitudinal studies have demonstrated that behavior patterns and personality are established during the early formative years. Research suggests that, when children come from unhealthy backgrounds, such as dysfunctional, abusive homes, they are much less likely to develop adequately physically, academically, and emotionally.
You may have always wondered if there was a correlation between social behaviour and biological functioning. At the back of my mind I am reminded of the almighty biblical “freewill” as a tool to readjust the resultant antisocial behaviour. With the human species it is difficult to assume 100% causal relationship hence it is safe to look at mediating factors that result in a person's antisocial behaviour. Barnes et al (2016) suggests that if one is to gain a greater understanding of Antisocial behaviours one must look at several domains and they include Evolutionary criminology, Biological criminology, Behaviour genetics, Molecular genetics and Neurocriminology. However, on the predictive side, increasingly, studies are examining whether the
Nature vs. nurture has been one of the oldest and most debated topics among psychologists over the years. This concept discusses whether a child is born into this world with their developmental work cut out for them or if a child is a “blank slate” and their experiences are what shape them into who they are. Over the years and plenty of research, psychologists have all mostly come to agree that it’s a little bit of both. Children are both born with some genetic predispositions while other aspects of the child’s development are strongly influenced by their surrounding environment. This plays into the criminal justice system when discussing where criminal behavior stems from. Is a criminal’s anti-social behavior just part of their DNA or is it a result of their upbringing? The answer to this question is not definite. Looking at research a strong argument can be made that criminals developed their anti-social patterns through the atmosphere in which they were raise, not their DNA.
Labeling Theory of Crime and Criminal Behavior Crime and criminal behavior has always been an issue of discussion in society. In the study into crime and criminal behavior that seems to come with many open questions. It is with open questions such as, why does crime happen and what causes criminal behavior in individuals of society that forms many answers and reasons into crime and criminal behavior, but are the answers logical and scientifically proven? Labeling theory are one of the means into understanding crime and criminal behavior through the study and analysis of self-identity and behavior of individuals.
A child needs both of their parents’ love and affection while growing up. A child that grows up with both has a higher chance of being a more stable person. However, not all children have this luxury; some children are born into dysfunctional families that consist of only one parent like the children in the Wingfield family. “A study of 1,977 children age 3 and older living with a residential father or father figure found that children living with married biological parents had significantly fewer externalizing behavioral problems than children living with at least one non-biological parent” (Consequences of Fatherlessness). The absent parent in the Wingfield family affected everyone in the family, not only the children. The absent father,
6. Joseph, Jay. “Chapter 8: Is Crime in the Genes? A Critical Review of Twin and Adoption Studies of Criminal and Antisocial Behavior.” The Gene Illusion: Genetic Research in Psychiatry and Psychology under the Microscope, Algora Pub., 2004, pp. 278–279.
Talib, M. B. A., Abdullah, R., & Mansor, M. (2011). Relationship between Parenting Style and Children’s Behavior Problems. Asian Social Science, 7(12), p195.
Studies indicate that positive parenting, including normative development, monitoring, and discipline, clearly affects whether children will become delinquent. Adequate supervision of free-time activities, whereabouts, and peers are critical to assure that children do not drift into antisocial and delinquent patterns of behavior. Surprisingly, little is known about normative and moral development with the family as they relate to delinquency. Single-parent families, and in particular mother-only families, produce more delinquent children than two-parent families. Research indicates that parenting practices account for most, but not all, of the ...
Family values play a role in determining the way children behave. Parents act as a model for their children, and children are always watching how their parents act. The way that parents interact with others affects...
Extended family can influence the upbringing on children in multiple ways. To properly review and analyze research in this particular area, it is necessary to highlight important information from which formed this foundation. Extended family members have direct influences on children by serving as their role models in aiding them with success, encouragement, support and guidance (Jæger, 2012). Grandparents, crucial extended family members, which have a direct interaction with their grandchildren when they are in need of help or assistants. Grandparent most likely will step in whenever their grandchild is experiencing a crisis, such as the death of a parent, divorce, or illness (Dunifon, 2013).