Taxonomic Classification
Paragonimus westermani (P. westermani) is part of the phylum Platyhelminthes. Platyhelminthes are flatworms, and are characterized by being acoelomate, triploblastic, and having a simple bilateral symmetry (Berkley.edu). The P. westermani is a member of the Trematoda class. Trematodas are flukes (parasite flatworms) that live inside vertebrates as their primary hosts and inside mollusks as intermediate hosts (wikipedia.org-trematoda). The parasite’s order is Plagiochiformes and suborder is Plagiochiata. The family of the P. westermani is Troglotrematidae. Organisms in this family are oval-shaped, thick flukes whose teguments are covered in spines. Paragonimus, its genus, usually describes parasites of carnivorous mammals; however, this is not always accurate. Although there are 48 species in the Paragonimus genus, westermani is the most prevalent worldwide (Roberts 277).
Host Spectrum
In accordance with its class, the P. westermani has vertebrates as its definitive hosts and mollusks as its intermediate host. The definitive hosts are usually mammals that ea...
Planarians are free-living, carnivorous flatworms found in the Phylum Platyhelminthes, Class Turbellaria. Although the Phylum Platyhelminthes is known for having the animals with the most parasitic species, the class Turbellaria which consist of the Planaria, are a non-parasitic species. Platyhelminthes which translates to "flat worm" are triploblastic animals. This means that they have three tissue layers, the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. Planaria also are monoecious organisms, meaning that they have both female and male sex organs in one organism. Another characteristic of the Planaria is that they do not have a true body cavity, meaning that they are acoelomate organisms.
Sculpture is a medium that artists in ancient Greek commonly used to express spoken truths in an unspoken form. Every piece of ancient Greek sculpture has more than what the eye sees to explain the story behind the [in this case] marble.
The Texas horned lizard, Phrynosoma cornutum, is a species in the lizard family, Phrynosomatidae, which has ten genera and a diverse group of over 125 different species (Hammerson 2007; Cossel Jr. 1997). Lizards in this family can be found in Mexico, Panama, most areas of the United States and parts of Canada (Heying 2003). Phrynosomatids range in a variety of forms, but are most commonly distinguished by their small size (less than 10 cm long), rough and keeled scales, spikes on their bodies, and the fusion of the sides of their teeth to the sides of their inner jawbones, known as pleurodont teeth (Heying 2003). The thirteen species in the horned lizard genus, Phrynosoma, can be identified more specifically by their flattened bodies (similar to a toad), small and coarse dorsal scales, camouflaged markings, and a short head with two horns pointing towards their backs (Oklahoma 1996). Of all the Phrynosoma horned lizards, the Texas horned lizard has the largest body and is the most widely dispersed species (Wikipedia 2007).
Merriam-Webster defines ‘parasite’ as ‘an organism that lives in or on another organism and benefits by deriving nutrients at the host 's expense’.
INTRODUCTION: It is often thought that bacteria are usually found on the surface and orifices of organisms. However, one particular genus of bacteria does not conform to this premise, Wolbachia. Wolbachia is a bacterium found within the cells of arthropods. In addition, it is estimated that Wolbachia is found in approximately 66% of all insects (Hilenboecker, 2008). Several studies have been conducted and indicate that the vast majority of arthropods are affected during the reproduction phases. One such study indicates during cell division, Wolbachia isolates itself around spindle poles, and may become incorporated into newly formed daughter cells (Hiroyuki, 1995) In order for Wolbachia to spread within a population, several factors may occur, such as male killings, feminization, and cytoplasmic incompatibility(Toon Ruang, 2004) . In this study, Photinus Pyralis is tested to determine if Wolbachia is present in the genes of these fireflies. Photinus Pyralis, commonly known as a firefly, attract one another through specific flashing signals. These light signals are in the reproductive regions of Photinus pyralis, which is a common infection site for Wolbachia to settle
Men, women and children, crowded in cramped quarters and denied basic rights such as water, breathable air, and food. The smell is horrendous and the surroundings intolerable. These were the conditions onboard a slave ship and the life of a slave during the passage from their home to a slave port. In 1787, William Wilberforce took on the seemingly hopeless pursuit of abolishing this trade. A great man is said to arise a leader when need occurs. William Wilberforce was a great man who did just that and who achieved the near impossible through his undying resolution to campaign and pass anti slave bills, passing the Slave Trade Bill in 1806, and fighting for the total emancipation the slaves in the British Empire.
to the lobster and crab. Their closest living relative today is the horseshoe crab.The name
Fox, R. 2001. Invertebrate Anatomy OnLine: Artemia Franciscana. Lander University. http://webs.lander.edu/rsfox/invertebrates/artemia.html, retrieved February 13, 2011.
Gould, Edwin, George McKay, and David Kirshner. Encyclopedia of Mammals. San Francisco, CA: Fog City, 2003. Print.
The Lumbricus Terrestris is the scientific term for the common Earthworm, and is otherwise known in the United States as the Nightcrawler. Earning this name due their habit of not appearing above ground to eat until the dark hours of the day, these segmented worms made up of annuli have the ability to dig six and a half feet deep into the soil. They commonly become seven to eight centimeters in length, and spend a lot of their time eating using their mouth which is located in the first segment of their body. ("National Geographic Common,") This first segment is the one located closest to the clitellum, which is the thick ring like band that demonstrates a worm is mature in growth. These worms move by taking full advantage of their small
I invite you to consider the life of an interesting human being with me in this paper. Let us investigate together the man known as Irenaeus of Lyons. We will endeavor to gain an overall verbal portrait of the man who is considered the most significant ecclesiastical witness before Eusebius and the leading theologian in the second century A. D. The Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church both consider Irenaeus to be one of their “holy saints“. The name Irenaeus means a “‘man of peace,’ and the early Christian historian Eusebius honored Irenaeus as a peacemaker in keeping with his name.”
one in which the host animal can live for a long enough time for the parasite to
After Bonnet’s aphids gave birth to ninety-five offspring through parthenogenesis, Bonnet wrote to Réaumur of his success. Réaumur then read Bonnet’s letter to the French Academy of Sciences leading to Bonnet being officially named a correspondent in the experiment (Lawrence). Bonnet’s experiments were then repeated and refined by multiple biologists throughout the rest of the eighteenth century. However, progress came slowly. The first significant discovery of parthenogenesis in vertebrates did not occur until the 1950’s when scientists observed the process in certain strains of turkeys. Later, in the 1990’s, scientists observed parthenogenic tendencies in crustaceans such as brine shrimp. Unfortunately, neither of these species were able to reproduce by parthenogenesis in labs (Booth). After this monumental observation, biologists began to investigate the natural process of parthenogenesis in vertebrates living in the wild. The scientists specifically searched for a species that primarily reproduced by parthenogenesis, in an attempt to successfully replicate the process in labs. Through this research, it is now known that snakes,
The reproductive system was mainly located towards the anal area and inferior to the stomach. The penis was located in the middle. It was white in color and looked like a mealworm. The seminal vesicles were located on both sides of the penis. They were grayish pink in color and looked like walnuts.