During the Organic Molecules experiment, four reagents were used to test for the presence of three of the four basic categories of Organic Molecules, carbohydrates, lips, and proteins, in control substances and Cheerios. For carbohydrates, I was testing, specifically, for the presence of reducing (polysaccharides) and non-reducing sugars (monosaccharides). Carbohydrates, both reducing and non-reducing, are important to the cell because they act as an energy source and are an important factor in building and the structure of important sugars like Ribose. Monosaccharides are important, specifically, because they are sources of nutrients to cells. An example of this would be glucose. (Campbell, 2014, 68) Non-reducing sugars, such as starch, serve as storage for cells and are hydrolyzed and broken down when sugars are needed for the cell. Some polysaccharides, such as cellulose, are used for structural purposes in cells. In plants, cellulose is …show more content…
I used Cheerios, distilled water, and a pestle and mortar. I ground the Cheerios until they had a fine, sand-like texture and consistency. I then added distilled water and mixed until I was left with a thin, runny solution, that was beige in color. Once I had the stock solution made, I was able to perform my first experiment, beginning with Benedict’s reagent. For this experiment I used a hot plate, beaker, and three test tubes, one labeled + (positive control), - (negative control), and Cheerios. Two milliliters of each solution was then added to the tubes they were labeled to go into. In this experiment, the positive control was a glucose solution. I then added two milliliters of Benedict’s reagent to each tube. Once a boiling bath had been made using water, the beaker, and the hot plate, each of the three test tubes were places, sitting upwards, into the boiling bath. A timer was set for three minutes, and I recorded the color
The material and equipment used was a sample of candy such as M&M’s, skittles, and Reese’s pieces. Set food colors for comparison. Filter paper or coffee filters. 0.1% salt solution {1/8 tsp salt in 3 cups of water}. Clear plastic 9 oz cups. Blow dryer. Also you will need some toothpicks and small {1 oz} plastic cups. This are the materials and equipment we used for this experiment .the objective of the experiment is to use the technique of paper chromatography to show that it can be used to separate from each other in a mixture. To understand the principles of paper chromatography.
Carbohydrates are divided into two groups based on how complex their structure is.Monosaccharides is a simple carbohydrate because it has one simple sugar, disaccharides has a combination of two simple sugars.An example of disaccharides is lactose.Complex carbohydrates also known as polysaccharides are known to have multiple sugars.Polysaccharides are also used to store energy, an example of this starch.In addition, nutrients include proteins ,fats, minerals and vitamins.Multiple tests were taken like Benedict’s Solution, Lugol’s Solution, and Biuret’s Solution to test if the presence of a substance was there.
3. Benedict’s test, which uses Benedict’s reagent, (usually used to test for the presence of reducing sugars) will show up positive in the presence of all monosaccharaides and some disaccharides. The test will also show a positive in the presence of aldehydes and alpha-hydroxy-ketones. Benedict’s test is not positive for sucrose because the glycosidic bond between the fructose and the glucose (the two monosaccharaides making up sucrose) prevents the isomerization of glucose into aldehydes and fructose into alpha-hydroxy-ketones. Therefore sucrose is a non-reducing sugar and these do not react with Benedict’s reagent. Since the test is designed for use with monosaccharaides glucose gives a positive result, as it is one. In conclusion glucose is a monosaccharaide sugar while sucrose is a disaccharide made of two monosaccharaide sugars.
The disaccharides were: maltose and sucrose. The monosaccharides: glucose, fructose and lactose. In the experiment, the amount of CO2 produced was recorded by a gas sensor over a period of fifteen minutes in a Nalgene bottle of 3mL yeast solution and 3mL of sugar solution. It was predicted that the disaccharide sugars would produce a higher rate of cellular respiration, however, this hypothesis was proven wrong during the experiment. The data revealed that glucose was the sugar that produced the largest amount of CO2 (236 ppm/min). It had 28.5ppm/min more than the second most efficient sugar fructose (208.3ppm/min), which is also a monosaccharide. The products of one molecule of glucose in glycolysis include six molecules of carbon, six molecules of water and energy molecules called ATP and NADP (Source
Cellulose is different than starch in that it is made up of β-glucose. This is a storage molecule for plants and their seed. Cellulose is the main component in the cell wall of plants. It is not broken down easily by most creatures making it work well as a biological structural material. Some animals like cows and horses are able to break cellulose down because of symbiotic bacteria and protozoa in their digestive tracts.
The objective of this lab is to try to separate the different compounds that are contained in cereal.
The first step taken within the experiment was to obtain and label three 400 mL beakers with the numbers 1 through 3 using a wax pencil. Once labeled, each beaker needed to be filled with a corresponding solution. The beaker marked with a “1” was filled with 200 mL of distilled water and
These compounds have their structures range from linear to highly branched compounds. Examples of storage polysaccharide include, starch and glycogen and structural polysaccharide include cellulose and chitin. Cellulose is a significant polysaccharide as it is the most abundant organic compound in the world. It is made up of the sturdy cell wall that surround plant cells making plant stems, roots, leaves and branches strong. Chewing of plant produce such as salad takes a lot of time and strength due to the effect of cellulose. The rigid structure gives support to the plants position. Additionally, the active nature enables the existence of the paper, lumber and cotton fabric. It is due to this strength that cellulose is used in large number of synthetic products such as carpet thickening and agents in shampoo (Salter, Tucker, & Wiseman,
There was a presence of starch in the solution. In test tube two, there was a slight color change to yellow- orange. This proved that since glucose is a monosaccharide it doesn’t go through the color change, showing no starch present. For test tube three changed to a light blue color with a precipitate at the bottom. It didn’t change to the colors that indicated many levels of reducing sugars because there is no reaction when testing Benedict’s reagent with a polysaccharide. Therefore, my hypothesis was wrong. In test tube four, there was a color change to orange with a precipitate at the bottom. The orange color and the presence of a precipitate in the solution proved my hypothesis was correct. Glucose was broken down to reduced
Significance of Carbohydrates: Massive distribution of carbohydrates in nature makes them indispensable for life. Carbohydrates like cellulose, pectin and starch serve as fundamental structural components by constituting 50-80% of dry weight of plants. Simple monomeric units such as glucose form oligosaccharides by means of a covalent connection known as glycosidic linkage. Additional linkage of these oligosaccharides results in the formation of long chain polysaccharides which not only play a pivotal role in the nutrition of humans and animals but also contribute as basic substrates in manufacturing of many fermentation products. Production of many industrial products like enzymes and antibiotics is carried through the
Carbohydrates are more than just fuels for the body and have other uses. Carbohydrates are hydrocarbons containing a carbonyl group and many alcohol groups. Their polymers can complex or they be simple and contain just one repeating monosaccharide, the roles of polymers can be many such as structural, storage or even signalling. (Tymoczko et al, 2012 p. 131)
They do indeed have other macromolecules but at a low concentration that would make it difficult to test for. This can be tested the same way, following the same procedure of the Glucose test. They would have the same characteristics of the Unknown #2 solution since they both have high levels of detectable glucose. It would also have a similar range of 2.6-3.5% sugars within the solution since the test would give a similar colour change. Errors that could have altered the accuracy of this experiment would be the temperature of the water. To ensure a proper reaction and colour change to occur the water strictly has to be at 80°C. If the temperature is too high/low it could alter the reaction and give inaccurate results. To ensure that this error does not affect the accuracy the temperature can be consistently monitored to stay consistent at 80°C. Monitoring the hotplate setting could also be beneficial to make sure the temperature does not exceed the ideal temperature range causing altercations in the
Organic chemistry is the best and most interesting branch of chemistry. There are five branches of chemistry: analytical, biochemistry, physical, inorganic, and organic chemistry. However organic chemistry is the largest branch, most intriguing, and has a large impact on everyone around the world. It is the study of carbon compounds and deals with the structure, reactions, and properties of organic compounds and materials. It plays a huge role in manufacturing many products that people use everyday. “Organic chemistry explores how to change and connect compounds based on carbon atoms in order to synthesize new substances with new properties” (Chemistry). There are millions of organic compounds, much more than inorganic, and new compounds
The phenol-sulfuric acid method is a simple and rapid colorimetric method to determine total sugar in a sample. The method detects virtually all classes of carbohydrates, including mono-, di-, oligo-, and polysaccharides. It is one of the most versatile, relatively easy and cheap approaches for determination of carbohydrate concentrations is the colorimetric method based on reaction between hydrolysed carbohydrate solution and a colouring reagent that develops colour that is detectible in the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum. Reagents used for colorimetric detection include phenol and concentrated sulphuric acid. The furfural is allowed to develop colour by reaction with phenol and its concentration is detected by visible light absorption.
Starch is often converted to commercial products of glucose, maltose syrups, and is a major enzyme application. Enzymes break down the polysaccharides into multiple sugars. They help to improve starch purity and clarity, creating greater abstractionyields, and removal of fibers. Pectin and Celluloseare insoluble substances found in plant cell walls. Pectinase and Cellulase are used to break down pectin and cellulose respectively. It helps to clear fruit juice, decrease viscosity, and create a good consistency and texture (Thakur,