1. What is an Operating system? An operating system is a systems low level software which helps system to perform several function managing programs, controlling peripheral devices and scheduling tasks. Operating system can be classified into several types: • Multi-user: Allows several users to run program at same time. • Multiprocessing: Allows user to run a program at more than one CPU. • Multitasking: Allows more than one program to run at the same time. • Multithreading: Allow sub-programs to run at the same time. • Real time: Respond to input instantly. General-purpose operating systems, such as “dos” and “Linux”, are not real-time. 2. Why is the Operating System viewed as a resource allocator & control program? A computer …show more content…
3. What is the advantage of Multiprogramming? Multiprogramming increases CPU utilization by organizing jobs so that the CPU always has one to execute. Several jobs are placed in the main memory and the processor is switched from job to job as needed to keep several jobs advancing while keeping the peripheral devices in use. Multiprogramming is the first instance where the Operating system must make decisions for the users. Therefore they are fairly …show more content…
Why does a computer system include a cache or buffer? Cache Memory. Cache memory is used to increase the performance of the PC. It holds data and instructions retrieved from RAM to provide faster access to the CPU. As a computer system is built using components from different suppliers, there are no standards on the speeds and transfer rates of these components. The purpose of most buffers is to act as a holding area, enabling the CPU to manipulate data before transferring it to a device. Because the processes of reading and writing data to a disk are relatively slow, many programs keep track of data changes in a buffer and then copy the buffer to a disk. 8. Give Various types of kernel. Kernels may be classified mainly in two categories Monolithic: Earlier in this type of kernel architecture, all the basic system services like process and memory management, interrupt handling etc were packaged into a single module in kernel space. This type of architecture led to some serious drawbacks like 1) Size of kernel, which was huge. 2) Poor maintainability, which means bug fixing or addition of new features resulted in recompilation of the whole kernel which could consume hours. Micro
This is to address speed difference between two devices, if a file is received from a slow device to be transferred to a faster device (Hard disk), a buffer is created to to gather bytes received from the slower device, when the buffer is full it can then be transferred to the disk in a single operation. However, if the buffer is full and the slow device still needs to transfer additional data, a second buffer is created to accommodate the data. After the first buffer has been filled a disk write is requested, the slow device fills the second buffer while the first buffer is written into the disk. When the second buffer
While it is true that not many programs right now are able to take advantage of more than four threads at any given time, it’s good to have them for those programs that are multi threaded which are increasingly becoming more common.
3. Multi-threading occurs when multiple programs are processed at the same time or when several parts of a program are processed at the same time.
This memory is assists in allowing the computer to simultaneously read and write data at the same time. Simply put, RAM is the most common form of memory that is utilized by computers as well as other devices. There are specific types of RAM that include dynamic random access memory and static random access memory, or DRAM and SRAM respectively. These two RAM are very different in terms of how they allow data to be read and written. Dynamic random access memory is often considered the most frequent type found in computers. Static random access memory is also found in computer, and is usually referred to as the faster of the two types due to the fact that refreshing of this form of memory is not needed whereas with dynamic random access memory it is. The term RAM is often used to describe what the computer uses to function. It is the main memory or primary memory whereby all processes and software run. Since it is random access memory, it is only available at the time a certain process is needed and is not stored anywhere on the computer specifically (2007). This is what makes random access memory often confusing to understand particular since computers also have what is known as read only
In regards to business practices, incentives are common tool used in negotiations. With that being said, Intel, a technology conglomerate, gave huge incentives to its customers for using computer-chip. Many would argue that Intel was wrong, while others would say Intel business practices were fair game. Below is a detailed report, discussing Intel actions.
The extensive use of “plug & play” IP blocks is what really set SoC apart from IC design in general; moving away from a block based design to a platform based one. This allows reusability of the components and reduces the time necessary to develop a new product.
The fundamental idea behind a virtual machine is to remove the hardware of a single computer and make it a self-contained operating environment that behaves as it is a separate computer. Essentially, the virtual machine is software that executes an application and isolates it from the actual operating system and hardware. CPU scheduling and virtual-memory techniques are used so that an operating system can create the illusion that a process has its own processor with its own (virtual) memory. The virtual machine provides the ability to share the same hardware yet run several different operating systems concurrently, as shown in Figure 2-11.
Multiprocessing refers to a computer system’s ability to support more than one process or program at the same time. Multiprocessing operating systems enable several programs to run concurrently. UNIX is one of the most widely used multiprocessing systems, but there are many others, including OS/2 for high-end personal computers and Windows NT for work groups. Multiprocessing systems are much more complicated than single-process systems because the operating system must allocate resources to competing processes in the most efficient manner. (IBM Dictionary of Computing, Tenth Edition, McGraw-Hill, (1994)).
By having allocated an address to each partition, it allows the computer to know/identify every location within the memory sub-system. Memory purpose is to (As mentioned in the Von Neumann section of this documentation) to store instruction and hold data, with that data the memory unit will pass on the information to the CC and the ALU, to carry out the calculation and be able to have the data to execute them.
A buffer is a region of memory that holds data waiting to be moved from one memory space to another. Generally, a buffer is a temporary memory or queue that increases the performance of processes and the efficiency of the operating system. A buffer is implemented in different ways. For example, through a zero capacity where data has no waiting time as the buffering length is zero. Also, through bounded and unbounded capacities. The bound capacity assumes that there is a fixed buffer size while the unbound capacity assumes that there is no limited buffer size.
An Operating system is system software that controls the system’s hardware that interacts with users and the application software. As we all may know, Windows Microsoft has always been a commercial high-level sale in the retail industry and an in domain operating system used today. But there are more operating systems than just Windows Microsoft than the general population may assume. Linux is another well-known operating systems, which is free and open-source software. Linux is also used in companies we would have never thought of like Google, NASA, USPS, Amazon and many more companies. Linux and Microsoft operating systems have been in competition to see which one is the best operating system in the market. There are so many resemblances
systems are able to run for the most part by themselves. For this paper, I will be discussing
It’s prime role is to process data with speed once it has received instruction. A microprocessor is generally advertised by the speed of the microprocessor in gigahertz. Some of the most popular chips are known as the Pentium or Intel-Core. When purchasing a computer, the microprocessor is one of the main essentials to review before selecting your computer. The faster the microprocessor, the faster your data will process, when navigating through the software.
The significance of the role of the Operation System (OS) in the overall Information Technology employment sector cannot be undervalued. Indeed, it is hard to talk about technical skill-sets or the practical application of such skill-sets without at least some underlying understanding of their context within a computer operating system environment. From hardware specifications and requirements, user technical support, system administration and security, to software development and system implementation, operating systems are an integral part of the information technology and computing world in all its aspects, and it is difficult to form a concrete demarcation between specialized careers in this industry and the concept of the computer operating system.
Software, such as programming languages and operating systems, makes the details of the hardware architecture invisible to the user. For example, computers that use the C programming language or a UNIX operating system may appear the same from the user's viewpoint, although they use different hardware architectures. When a computer carries out an instruction, it proceeds through five steps. First, the control unit retrieves the instruction from memory—for example, an instruction to add two numbers. Second, the control unit decodes the instructions into electronic signals that control the computer.