1. Open angel glaucoma is where the eye has a clog. This causes the fluid of the eye to drain more slowly and makes the pressure in the eye go up. It damages the optic nerve over time. Since it is damaging the nerve you start to develop blind spots. You will start to lose the peripheral vision and there is no cure for open angle glaucoma. (Wachler 2017)
2. Macular degeneration is the deterioration of the retinas central portion. The macula is the central portion of the eye. Images are not received correctly and the vision becomes wavy and blurred. People with advanced are considered legally blind. (AMDF 2018)
3. The most likely cause of Olivia Gregor’s problem is a Urinary Tract Infection. (Mayo Clinic 2017)
4. This problem can be treated with
The risk factors that Jessica presented with are a history that is positive for smoking, bronchitis and living in a large urban area with decreased air quality. The symptoms that suggest a pulmonary disorder include a productive cough with discolored sputum, elevated respiratory rate, use of the accessory respiratory muscles during quite breathing, exertional dyspnea, tachycardia and pedal edema. The discolored sputum is indicative of a respiratory infection. The changes in respiratory rate, use of respiratory muscles and exertional dyspnea indicate a pulmonary disorder since there is an increased amount of work required for normal breathing. Tachycardia may arise due to the lack of oxygenated blood available to the tissue stimulating an increase in heart rate. The pedal edema most probably results from decreased systemic blood flow.
A 54 year old female was presented with complaints of lethargy, excessive thirst and diminished appetite. Given the fact that these symptoms are very broad and could be the underlying cause of various diseases, the physician decided to order a urinalysis by cystoscope; a comprehensive diagnostic chemistry panel; and a CBC with differential, to acquire a better understanding on his patient health status. The following abnormal results caught the physician’s attention:
Loss of vision in one or both eyes
Glaucoma, one of the leading causes of blindness, is estimated to affect 1 of every 50 adults. Although glaucoma can occur at any age, the risk of developing the disease increases dramatically after the age of 35. Glaucoma is also more likely to develop in patients who are severely nearsighted, have a family history of the condition, diabetics and Black or African American. This disease often goes unnoticed until permanent vision loss has occurred. Visual damage from glaucoma can be prevented by early diagnosis and careful treatment. Glaucoma is related to elevated fluid pressure of the eye which is causing loss of side vision. It is a series of diseases which damage the optic nerve. Damage to the optic nerve and retina causes blind spots in the field of vision. When the entire nerve is destroyed, blindness will occur. Glaucoma is usually caused by an increase in the fluid pressure in the eye. The front part of the eye contains a clear, nourishing fluid called aqueous which constantly circulates through the eye. Normally, this fluid leaves the eye through a drainage system and returns to the blood stream. Glaucoma occurs from an overproduction of fluid or when the drainage system becomes blocked, causing fluid pressure to increase. The high pressure causes damage to the optic nerve, resulting in permanent vision loss. The exact reason the fluid system in the eye stops functioning properly is not completely understood
Age related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in people over the age of 50. Every ten years after the age of 50 the prevalence of this disease increases exponentially. Many different factors contribute to the development of AMD including genetic, environment, and metabolic functions. Aside from smoking, abnormal blood pressure, and an unhealthy diet low in fruits and vegetables, many more studies are concluding that similar inflammatory and oxidative processes seen in other age related diseases are also playing a key role in the development of AMD. This disease affects the central areas of the retina and choroid. In return central vision is impaired while peripheral vision is usually not lost. AMD is seen in two different forms, the earlier nonneovascular (dry) type and the more advanced neovascular (wet) type. Each form has its own specific pathology and unique characteristics that set them apart. Fatty, protein deposits called drusens may be the key risk factor in understanding dry AMD pathology, progression, and treatment. Once the more advanced wet AMD is diagnosed, pathology and treatment are targeted around the formation and destruction of abnormal blood vessels, characteristic of the wet AMD eye. The increasing prevalence of AMD has influenced more investigation into what factors can be modulated to prevent the onset or to stop the progression of AMD. Early diagnosis is very important because this is when an eye doctor can spot the early signs of the disease through ultrasound or angiography. This text will discuss the pathology of drusens and the role of inflammation and oxidation in the aged eye. By better understanding these processes more effective treatment approaches and preventive...
J.P., a 58 year old female, presents to the Emergency Room on March 18th. She has a past medical history of cervical cancer, atheroembolism of the left lower extremity, fistula of the vagina, peripheral vascular disease, neuropathy, glaucoma, GERD, depression, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, and sickle cell anemia. She complains of right lower extremity pain accompanied by fatigue, a decreased appetite, increased work of breathing, burning urination, and decreased urine output for three days. Upon admission, a complete physical assessment was performed along with a blood and metabolic panel. The assessment revealed many positive and negative findings.
Many signs include a "white pupil," also known as leukocoria. Retinoblastoma can occur in either one or two eyes (Paul T. Finger, Pg. 1). This abnormal white pupillary reflex is sometimes referred to as a cat's eye reflex. Another sign of retinoblastoma is a crossed eye (Ambramson, Ch3). Leukocoria doesn't always end up as being retinoblastoma, it can even result in: congenital cataract, Toxocara canis, Coat's disease, and persistent hypertrophic primary vitreous (PHPV) (Finger, Pg.2). Retinoblastoma occurs when there's a mutation or deletion of the q14 band of chromosome 13 (Finger, Pg. 1). Symptoms can be painful if not treated quickly. Some include a red, painful eye, swelling of the surrounding eye, poor vision, dilated pupil, even extra fingers or toes, and retardation (Ambramson, Ch3).
The Optic cranial nerve is located in the eye. Its function is to provide us with vision. This particular cranial nerve is a sensory nerve. The hypoglossal cranial nerve supplies the muscles of the tongue and allows movements of the tongue to form things like speech and swallowing. This is a motor cranial nerve because it provides our tongue to move. The facial cranial nerve is mixed. Its sensory fibers are concerned with taste via taste buds in the front of the tongue. It also has motor fibers that control tears via the lacrimal glands around our eyes. These nerves also allow for muscles in our face to move and we can have facial expressions. The vagus cranial nerve is also mixed. Its sensory fibers allow for monitoring blood pressure and
Based on her complaints as well as physical examinations, I can conclude that the diagnosis for this patient is Pelvic Floor Dysfunction (PFD). According to the International Urogynecological Association, there are multiple common diagnosis for PFD. It includes pelvic organ prolapse and urinary tract infection (Haylen, 2010). Three factors that contribute to this are childbirth, aging, and obesity. Eleanor’s increase in childbirth made her more prone to this disease. As a woman who gave birth twice, she is more likely to gain this disease compared to a person who only gave birth once. Childbirth causes the pelvic floor to change, therefore causing a possible dysfunction in that area (Bartling, 2016). Now that Ms. Eleanor is 88 years old, she is more susceptible to gaining this disease because as women grow older they’re more likely to get it. Obesity also plays a role in this diagnosis, and because she is on regular medication for hypertension, we can infer that she’s overweight. Urinary incontinence, stress urinary incontinence, increased daytime urinary frequency, nocturnal enuresis, vaginal bulging, and
Glaucoma is a group of eye disorders that cause blindness by hurting the optic nerve, which is the large nerve that is responsible for vision. In glaucoma, the optic nerve damage is related to a change in the fluid pressure that circulates around the eyeball. In many cases, Glaucoma occurs when the eye's fluid pressure is high, but it can also occur when the pressure is measured as normal.
Macular degeneration also known as late, aged-related maculopathy is an eye disorder which causes a decrease in the visual field known as the retinal macula (Medical Encyclopedia, 2000). The majority of people who are affected are people over the age of 65, but occasionally it develops earlier in people 40-50 years old (Philippi, 2000). The majority of the visual loss is located in the central part of the visual field, while the peripheral vision is unharmed. There are also two types of macular degeneration, the "wet" and "dry" forms. The "dry" form of this disease is the most popular, affecting 90% of the cases (American Academy of Ophthalmology, 1997).
However, there are certain types of treatment that are very effective to stop the speed of this disorder. One of the treatment is currently done is the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). According to Waldstein et al. (2016), the most common and effective clinical treatment for wet Age-related Macular Degeneration is VEGF therapy. This type of treatment is extremely effective at preserving visual function in choroidal neovascularization and has become the leading treatment approach in neovascular age-related macular degeneration. There are some other treatments that may be done also like the laser treatment which may be able to arrest or slow the disease’s progression. The technique known as photocoagulation uses a high-energy laser beam to seal off or destroy the abnormal blood vessels; it also burns out some adjacent healthy tissue, thereby causing a degree of vision loss (hopefully less than would have occurred if the AMD were allowed to progress). According to Fernandez et al. (2015), another approach of treatment for aged macular degeneration is the photodynamic therapy, which involves less damage to healthy tissue. This treatment also uses a lower-power laser, and the patient is first given a light-sensitizing drug, which seals off the leaky vessels when exposed to the laser. Both techniques often fail, and even when they succeed, blood vessel proliferation may later recur. Surgical removal of the macular degeneration scar may be an option in some
Glaucoma is a type of disease that is a result of the damage of the optic nerve in the eye. This can result in the loss of vision which can lead to blindness. Glaucoma can be prevented if detected early and treated within reasonable time to avoid significant loss in vision and eye damage. There are different types of this disorder including open angle glaucoma which includes low-tension and high-tension. The pressure in the eye builds up due to a slow release of fluids in and out of the anterior chamber of the eye. It builds up near the optic nerve and creates pressure and tension. When pressure is built up near the optic nerve, the optic nerve will will be damaged and result in loss of vision. Different people have various levels of pressure that could potentially lead to glaucoma. Another type of glaucoma which is very rare is angle-closure glaucoma, which is when the drainage canals become closed and the intraocular pressure increases. This type of glaucoma should receive medical help immediately.
primary open-angle glaucoma. The laser bean in this case is used to open the fluid channels of
...he cornea is deformed so that its surface is oval instead of spherical. Light rays are distorted at the entrance of the eye. This produces a blurred image and is known as astigmatism. To correct it, glasses are given a nonspherical or cylindrical curvature. Cross-eyes and walleyes are produced when both eyes do not work together because of weakness of the eye muscles.