Spencer Stein
Sarah Beck
Oceanography 101
14 May 2018
The octopus genome and the evolution of cephalopod neural and morphological novelties
This Jornal conducted research on the two-spot octopus, or Octopus bimaculoides, by sequencing the genome of this species. They found that “Coleoid cephalopods (octopus, squid and cuttlefish) are active, resourceful predators with a rich behavioural repertoire. They have the largest nervous systems among the invertebrates and present other striking morphological innovations including camera-like eyes, prehensile arms, a highly derived early embryogenesis and a remarkably sophisticated adaptive colouration system” (The Octopus Genome). I think this information is truly amazing because of how easy octopi
…show more content…
I’m also intrigued by how almost all their organs are placed inside their heads, it’s very interesting how octopi can fit through practically any hole but have so many body parts gathered in one place. How did these researchers gather all the genetic information? The DNA was extracted from a one male octopus and was used to help sequence the entire code using Illumina technology, ending up with 99 total genes. “Cephalopod novelties were obtained by BLASTP and TBLASTN searches against the whole NR database and a custom database of several mollusc transcriptomes.To explore the genetic features of these highly specialized animals, we sequenced the Octopus bimaculoides genome by a whole-genome shotgun approach (Supplementary Note 1) and annotated it using extensive transcriptome sequence from 12 tissues” (The Octopus Genome). This process was performed …show more content…
The journal is jam-packed with cool and super interesting facts to go along with the research whereas for the article, it’s relatively short and only touches on the most important features from the study; that or any other information that stood out to them was included as well. An example of this would be when the article describe one of the findings from the journal, “To study the genetics of these specialized traits, the international team of researchers sequenced the genome of the California two-spot octopus (Octopus bimaculoides) to a high level of coverage (on average, each base pair was sequenced 60 times). To annotate the genome, the team generated transcriptome sequence data—which can be used to measure gene expression based on RNA levels—in 12 different tissues types ” (No Inky Cloud). This little section from the article took up many words and explanations within the journal because the researchers needed to backup the information presented. I do appreciate how the author of this news article was able to highlight all the key points within this extensive study, it gives a great overall analysis of the importance of octopus genetics. The beginning really did hook me when reading the article because it explains a Hawaiian myth about how octopi are the only living species that descended from aliens. It ,may or may not be true but it
“You hear her just scream out, ‘somebody help me!’ It was such a bloodcurdling scream. She knew she was going to die,” commented John Hargrove, a former SeaWorld trainer. There has been 21 attacks on humans by killer whales in the last 10 years. SeaWorld was associated with 12 of them. In 2013 SeaWorld was worth $2.5 billion, they would do anything to protect their business. They target adults and teenagers; or anyone who can pay. The purpose of the Blackfish documentary was made to inform people how wrong it is what SeaWorld is doing. Animals in captivity do not live as long and depending on the animal there is more complications. Seaworld is an unacceptable place to live, for orcas and any other animal. They do not have animals’ best interests in mind.
Family therapy is often needed when families go through transitions such as separations between parents and divorce. According to research, “the power of family therapy derives from bringing parents and children together to transform their interactions” (Nichols, & Davis, p.18), as problems need to be addressed at their source. The children who are the most vulnerable, when parents decide to separate, exhibit symptoms which are exaggerations of their parent’s problems (Nichols, & Davis, p.18). Frank and Walt Berkman are the examples of how children cope and adapt to the stressors of family separations such as marital separations and
In “Star-nosed Mole,” author Sean Zera writes an interesting article about the Star-nosed Mole. His article’s purpose is to inform readers many intriguing facts about the Star-nosed Mole. Some questions Zera answers in his article are what do they look like, where do they live, what do they eat, and even how do they communicate with each other. His article is great because he explains almost everything about the Star-nosed Mole. Another thing Zera does that strengthens his article is he has categories that will ask a common question and then under that category he answer that question and supply an abundance of facts that help support his answer. The only two things that weakens his article is the lack of pictures and a comparison to a regular
Tomkins, Jeffrey, Ph.D. "Duons: Parallel Gene Code Defies Evolution." Duons: Parallel Gene Code Defies Evolution. Institute Creation Research, n.d. Web. 23 Apr. 2014.
1. Identify and explain the ONE specific branch of biology involved in the article - it will be one of the branches listed beside the article title. Support your answer by using specific examples from the article to demonstrate how it relates to that branch. There should be a clear relationship between the branch you chose and the article in your explanation. Explain in your own words without having to quote directly from the article. (At least 3 sentences – 3 points)
The film Blackfish, a documentary created by Gabriela Cowperthwaite, is a film about the cruel punishment of killer whales at SeaWorld. It suggests that killer whales should be set free from captivity in marine mammal parks because of the threat and danger towards humans and each other. Blackfish is an explicit example of how logos, ethos and pathos are used to create an argument that is impressive, valid and effective.
Seaworld is a giant marine life theme park. The greatest attraction to these many theme park would be those killer whales. In fact, these killer whales are the face of the park. As gigant as these mammals are, seaworld is keeping them in some pretty tight quarters. Mr. Jett and Mr.Ventre says “Wild killer whales can swim a hundred miles daily as they socialize, forage, communicate, and breed. In stark contrast, with little horizontal or vertical space in their enclosures, captive orcas swim only limited distances, with most spending many hours surface resting.” The animals don't have the freedom they need. Also when taking the whales out of their natural habit the whales tend to be depressed and not as heath in that situation. They need their freedom in the big ocean blue. Bring them into the small living units, breeding whales in captivity all for the entertainment of humans. At young ages the calves are taken away from their mothers on to a new seaworld park. Mothers of the calves have even been seen denying their offspring.
Some arguments presented in the article were quite logical, but other, e.g. A.M.C., sounded rather lame. Handpicking organisms with certain traits is not the best approach to a logical statement, or even a scientific study, for that matter. Humans use generalizations. This helped us survive iver millenia. So, when we want to compare, say, two species, we use specimens- organisms that possess traits which are considered normal for its species. For us, a specimen would be an adult, sane human. In that case, the result would be quite different.
Squidward Tentacles is an employee at the Krusty Krab. He is a 34 year old male. He resides in Bikini Bottom. His hobbies include playing his clarinet and painting multiple pictures which he has false hope will one day be published in some museum. He has hatred for going to work, and is horrible with customer service. He exhibits a strong desire to fit in with a higher caste than himself. There have been many episodes though where when given the chance to prove himself worthy of a higher caste he will retreat to a safer place like his house. His esteem level seems very low. He never leaves his house other than for work either. He hates being social and that’s very obvious in every action Squidward carries out. He rarely dates and when he does there is never a second date. He is a healthy man of his age. He really doesn’t have many friends. There is his two neighbors Spongebob Squarepants and Patrick Star, they want to be friends with him but Squidward can barely tolerate either of them. When he is sad he usually turns to his music, painting, or bubble baths which he takes very often. His life goal or aspiration is to be a famous artist and musician. He’s a very smart individual but has absolutely horrible social skills.
also films that could have been seen for a small price, but if one has the time
The eye is an extremely diverse organ, ranging in complexity across and within animal phyla. Here, a comparative approach is taken to outlining the diversity of the eye forms within vertebrates and invertebrates. The eye morphology of a variety of organisms was examined. Eye function, and placement on the body was also considered. Here, variation in eye form is discussed in relation to the environment the organism is adapted to. It is shown that an organisms eye morphology functions optimally for the ecological niche it occupies. Evolutionary analysis is used to account for the emergence of the different eyes. Convergent evolution is used to justify the similarities in eye types seen in organisms of different species. This analysis begins with the simplest of eye forms composes of single cells, present in the zooplankton larvae. Such primitive forms are identified in mollucs, annelids, cnidarians, and are then compared to more advanced eye forms contain lenses. This comparative approach provides a breadth of examples of vertebrates and invertebrates, making visible, the diversity of eye morphology within the animal kingdom.
Have you ever wanted to slap eight people at once? Or if you're more of a mushy, touchy, feely person, have you ever wanted to hug eight people at once? An octopus can do either or both of these if they want to! So you know an octopus is lucky being able to do this but what's an octopuses habitat? Since they can slap eight things at once do they have predators? Or since we're on the facty facts subject where do they live?
During the month of September in 1998 an amazing and unique discovery was found by a group of scientists when they went out to the Sea of Japan. There, they collected the carcass of a medium sized baleen whale. This was the ninth specimen needed to complete the research on discovering this new species. This species of the baleen whale did resemble the fin whale, another species of the baleen whale. However, this carcass was much smaller in size. After comparing DNA data of the external morphology, osteology, and mitochondrial, scientists were able to classify all they found into a new and different species. This new species, which was named after a Japanese cetologist, H. Omura, has a unique cranial morphology and a small number of baleen plates. Another wonderful discovery was made while doing this research as well, that was that one of the species of baleen whale could actually be classified into two unique species, Eden’s whale and Bryde’s whale. There were thought to be only five species of the baleen whale. But after the new discovery was made the number had risen to eight.
are slit and they are skinned. Some of these beautiful animals remain fully conscious throughout the entire process.