In September, we went the Berry College chestnut tree orchard to collect seeds from many of the trees present in the orchard. Around 900 seeds were collected in total, approximately 25 from each seed lot. Using tree pruners, clusters of burs were cut down so that the seeds could be harvested. The clusters we cut off branches were partially open. Students pried open the burs, careful not to damage the style on the seeds, and harvested the good seeds. Some burs contained seeds that had not matured properly; these seeds were not used. The viable seeds were then placed in a Ziploc bag with the correct cross code labeled on the front of the bag. The seeds collected were from the following trees: AM, CH, F1, BC3s, and BC4s. Once the seeds were collected …show more content…
The seed volume from average radius was found using the equation VOL = (4/3)*3.1416* ((L/2+W/2+D/2)/3)3. Surface area was calculated using an approximate formula, SA~ 4pi [(a^p b^p + a^p c^p + b^p c^p )/3]^{1\p}, where p=1.6075, and a, b, c are the three radii (a>=b>=c), made by Knud Thomsen. Hilium area was found by dividing the hilium width and the hilium height by two then multiplying by each other and 3.1416. By dividing the hilium width by the surface area, we found the hilium area to surface area ratio. Hilium width to seed width ration was calculated by dividing the hilium width by the seed width. Arm length was divided by hilium width to get the arm length to hilium width ratio, and finally stigma/style length to seed length ratio was calculated by dividing style length by seed length. To compare means of each above variable, two things were used, non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis tests, and Dunn’s All Pairwise Comparisons. These compared each type of cross to one another. This allowed us to determine if any minor difference, or none, were present in the pure American chestnut and the hybrid backcrosses. As well, we were able to tell if any big difference came up between those two lines and the Chinese chestnut
The purpose of our experiment was to test whether or not the Wisconsin Fast Plants, or Brassica rapa, followed the Mendelian genetics and its law of inheritance. First, after we crossed the heterozygous F1 generation, we created an F2 generation which we used to analyze. After analyzing our results, we conducted a chi-square test for for both the F1 and F2 generations to test their “goodness of fit”. For the F1 generation we calculated an x2 value of 6.97, which was greater than the value on the chi-square table at a p-value of 0.05 and 1 degree of freedom (6.97 > 3.84). This meant that we had to reject our hypothesis that stated there would be no difference between the observed and expected values. This showed us that the F1
The devastating chestnut blight was discovered invading its first victims in 1904. After exposure, the fungus enters into the trees cambium through the bark causing a canker. The fungus then spread around the cambium, girdling the tree, cutting of its life support and ultimately causing death. Many methods were used to try to prevent further infections, chemical fungicides, and burning other chestnuts around infected areas, but all were unsuccessful. The blight would soon reach through the Southern United States destroying all known native American chestnut trees.
Comparing the Growth of Pea Plants Grown in the Light and in the Dark Aim: To compare the vertical growth and weight gain of pea plants grown in the light and in the dark. Background Knowledge: Photosynthesis forms the basis for this experiment. This is the process by which a plant makes food for itself from the raw materials around it. The energy needed for photosynthesis comes from sunlight, which is the variable for this experiment.
The purpose of this experiment is to compare the ability of students in tasting PTC. The hypothesis formulated for genotypes states that there is a significant difference between tasters and non- taster, with the null hypothesis stating that there is no significant difference between taster and non- taster. During the phenotypic observation two different hypothesis were formulated as well, there is significant difference between the three observed phenotype and the null hypothesis states that there is no significant difference between the three phenotype. Through observation and calculation it is concluded that there is a significant difference between the Genotypes. On the other, there is no significant difference between the phenotype.
Rantala, M. J., and Roff, D. A. 2006. Analysis of the importance of genotypic variation,
In order to figure out the genes responsible, there are several other factors that must be determined. These factors include the number of genes involved, if each gene is x-linked or autosomal, if the mutant or wild-type allele for each is dominant, and if genes are linked or on different chromosomes. Proposed crosses include reciprocal crosses between the pure-breeding mutants of strains A and B with the wild-type will help determine if the genes or sex-linked or autosomal, in addition to which alleles are dominant (8). Another proposed cross includes complementation crosses between pure-breading mutants from strains A and B to determine if one or two genes are involved (8). Furthermore, testcrosses between F1 progeny and pure-breeding recessive mutants from strains A and B, which will help determine if genes are linked on the chromosome or if they assort independently (8). These proposed crosses are shown in the attached
Two members of the group were instructed to visit the laboratory each day of the experiment to water and measure the plants (Handout 1). The measurements that were preformed were to be precise and accurate by the group by organizing a standardized way to measure the plants. The plants were measured from the level of the soil, which was flat throughout all the cups, to the tip of the apical meristems. The leaves were not considered. The watering of the plants took place nearly everyday, except for the times the lab was closed. Respective of cup label, the appropriate drop of solution was added to the plant, at the very tip of the apical meristems.
Anthocyanin is a purple colored pigment in plants that protect tissue from stressful light conditions (Glover and Martin 2012). This experiment utilized monohybrid crosses of the Wisconsin Fast Plant variety of B. rapa with the F_1 generation having one dominant allele for anthocyanin (ANL) and one recessive allele (anl) (Kinds Plants 2014), to complete their life cycle and produce offspring that were observed for their phenotype. By utilizing the genotype of each parent a prediction for the outcome of these genetic crosses was formulated with a Punnett square (Brooker et al. 2014). Since two alleles need to be existent for a recessive trait to be conveyed, and only one allele for a dominant trait (Morgan and Carter 2008), the offspri...
Janick. J. (2011). Center for New Crops & Plant Products - Department of Horticulture and
Seed, a book by Lisa Heathfield, applies the idea that knowledge is power, but ignorance is bliss through the character development of Pearl, the deep descriptions of the settings and ambiguity of Pearl’s knowledge on certain scenes. Seed’s narrative quality explores that knowledge does not always make one influential, however, not acquiring knowledge means not feeling conflicted.
Conclusion for class di-hybrid cross: The p value 0.779 is in the non-significant range in the chi square table. The null hypothesis is therefore correct. Sepia eyes and vestigial wings in the flies is a mutation in the genes that is not linked meaning it is a product of independent assortment.
Marker assisted breeding (or marker aided selection) refers to the study of the trees’ genetic fingerprint (DNA) or more specifically the genetic variability of a species (variation in the DNA). Trees containing characteristics of interest, such as fast growth rate and disease resistance, can be selected using specific gene markers. Gene markers can be a single nucleotide insertion or deletion in the DNA that can be associated with the trait of interest. Using this information, tree breeders can predict the performance of trees and make early selections for turning over tree generations. They can also select the best parents to cross in order to produce good offspring.
more than half the variation was found to be due to heredity. Among these traits were
Asexual propagation is the process through which reproduction without passage through the seed cycle occurs. The advantages of asexual propagation are that it preserves genetic makeup, propagates seedless plants, disease control, rapid production, the plants are identical, cheaper, faster and easier reducing or avoiding juvenility. The disadvantages of asexual propagation are that it increases disease and insect susceptibility, plants are bulky, and the mother plants could become contaminated. The goal of this experiment was to determine the development of adventitious roots and shoots, and observe these plants over a period of five weeks. Due to auxin being produced in the tip, tip cuttings should root faster than any other cuttings. Auxin is a plant hormone that is responsible for cell elongation and enlargement, root formation, and growth. There are two forms of auxins; phototropism, which is produced in the tip and moves downward on the side away from the light and gravitropism, which is where plant roots grow downward and plant shoots grow upward.(Plant Auxin 201...
Pod size ranges from 15-30 mm in length, 7-14 mm in thickness, and 2-15 mm in width. Depending on the basal and apical zones as well as the dorsal and ventral regions, pod shape varies from rhomboid, oblong to ovate. The number of seeds per pod ranges from 1-2, with the maximum being three. The seeds are ramhead or owl's-head shaped, and the surface may be smooth or wrinkled. The length of the seed ranges from 4-12 mm and its width from 4-8 mm. The seed mass varies from 0.10 to 0.75 g per seed. The seeds of kabuli type are large (100 seed mass >25 g), round or ram head, and cream colored. The plant is medium to tall in height, with large leaflets and white flowers, and contains no anthocyanin, whereas the seeds of the desi type are small and angular in shape. The seed color varies from cream, black, brown, yellow to green. There are 2-3 ovules per pod but on an average 1-2 seeds per pod are produced. Chickpea seeds germinate at an optimum temperature (28-33°C) and moisture level in about 5-6 days. Germination begins with absorption of moisture and swelling of the seed. The radicle emerges first followed by the plumule.