Chapter: Literature Survey________________________________________
Encryption Algorithms:
The broad-spectrum of encryption algorithm comprises of two mathematical revolutions: an encryption function E, and a decryption function D = E¬¬-1. For secure communication between the sender and receiver, the sender (conventionally called Alice) will apply the encryption function to the actual message P (the plaintext), and pass on the resulting cipher text C = E (P) over the anxious channel. Once the cipher text (C) is received by the anticipated recipient (called Bob), the plaintext is mended by computing D(C) = P. Different kind of encryption techniques is as follows.
Symmetric Key Cryptography:
Symmetric Encryption is a one of the technique in cryptography for encrypting the text, images etc. The method of encryption and decryption in Symmetric cryptography hang on the secret key, which is shared between the two parties (i.e. Sender and Receiver).
Secrete Key(K)
Plain Text (P) Cipher Text (C) Plain Text (P)
Figure 1: Model for Symmetric Encryption
The Symmetric Encryption model has five components (see Figure 1)
Plaintext (P): This is the actual comprehensible message or data. It served as input to the Encryption Algorithm (E).
Encryption Function (E): The main task of encryption Function is to perform the permutation and substitutions on the plain text.
Secret Key (K): Secret key is used to encrypt the plain text . It is also input to the encryption function. In symmetric key encryption, only one key is used between sender and receiver. This secret key will shared by both using the secured channel.
Cipher text (C): Cipher text will get afte...
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...integrity and secrecy.
Electronic Codebook Mode (ECB):
The ECB mode is one of the techniques to encrypt the message. Here message is simply divided into n-bit blocks, each block is encrypted individually.
Figure 3.1: a) ECB mode encryption b) ECB mode decryption
The main advantages of this mode are simplicity and its correctness for parallel processing. The encryption and decryption are performed separately for arbitrary position blocks, for that error do not promulgate from one block to another. The major drawback of this methodology is that, in plaintext, it does not hide all patterns i.e.., if plaintext contains identical blocks, then cipher text will get the same identical pattern of blocks without any modification or changes in the cipher text. In all cases it doesn’t provide the message confidentiality.
While both AH and ESP provide a level of security for data being transmitted, a Tunnel Mode encrypts the entire IP packet and assign new headers creating a new and larger packet to protect original data and header alike, this method is frequently used in a Site-to-Site VPN. Also, a Tunnel Mode is less susceptible to attacks while data are in transit between the two gateways, as mentioned previously, tunnel mode encapsulates the entire
Encryption is the most powerful way to secure information by protecting it in the occurrence of theft, loss, or unauthorized access. It scrambles your data by requiring the receiver to have a secret key or password which would allow them to decrypt it. Web browsers indicate encrypted security techniques by showing a “lock” icon in the status bar. Webpages for online shopping will have either “http” at their beginning of the web address or a “lock” icon on the page. Email services should be protected by antivirus software. These
What is encryption? Encryption is a technological technique that protects and secures the transfer of plain text information between two sources through the use of the internet. This is done by rearranging the text using a mathematical algorithm that renovates the message into an indecipherable form, which can only be unlocked and translated with a use of a key. The strength of the encryption key is measured by its length, which is determined by the number of bits and by the type of encryption program.
..., Nicholas G. 2010. “Past, Present, and Future Methods of Cryptography and Data Encryption.” Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Before ECT begins, patients are given a short-acting anaesthetic and a nerve-blocking agent, paralysing the muscles of the body to prevent them from contracting during the treatment and causing fractures. Oxygen is also given to patients to compensate for their inability to breathe. Then they receive either unilateral ECT or bilateral ECT. In unilateral ECT, an electrode is placed above the temple of the non-dominant side of the brain, and a second in the middle of the forehead. Alternatively in bilateral ECT, one electrode is placed above each temple. After this, a small amount of electrical current (approximately 0.6 amps) is passed through the brain, lasting about half a second. This produces a seizure that lasts up to one minute which affects the entire brain. ECT is usually give...
Asymmetric Key Encryption methods are DSA, Diffie Hellman, RSA, Elliptic Curve and DSA. Asymmetric Encryption
Electroconvulsive therapy, also known as ECT, is a medical procedure that is used in the treatment of mental illness. In ECT, a small electrical impulse is sent through the brain, resulting in an ephemeral seizure. Though the process is generally effective, modern science is unaware of the explanation behind ECT's success. Its history is filled with a large amount of stigma and the use of ECT as a therapy is still debated today. ECT has evolved to a point where its beneficial effects can be maximized and its adverse effects can be minimized through proper administration.
Elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) is a public key cryptography technique by making use of elliptic curve properties and their algebraic structure of over finite fields. It is one of the efficient ways of providing encryption of cryptographic keys.
The code assigned letters in the alphabet and numbers a set of dots (short marks) and dashes (long marks) based on the frequency of use. The code used the English alphabet but they would make the more frequently used letters into the less complex dots and dashes, such as E or A. While the Less frequently used letters such as D or Z got a lot more complex code of dots and dashes. Initially, the code, when transmitted over the telegraph system, was rendered as marks on a piece of paper that the telegraph operator would then translate back into English. Rather quickly. But then the operators became so good at translating the
Data encryption refers to the process of transforming electronic information into a scrambled form that can only be read by someone who knows how to translate the code. In nowadays business world, it’s the easiest and most practical way to secure the information that we stored and processed, and it’s significant for our sensitive information. For example, as electronic commerce is popular now, the vendors and retailers must protect the customers’ personal information from hackers or competitors. They also have many business files or contracts that need to be strictly protected. Without data encryption, these important information may fall into wrong hands and be misused by others. Besides, data encryption may be used to secure sensitive information that exists on company networks, or create digital signatures, and help to authorize in business. No one should underestimate the importance of encryption. A little mistake in encryption may make sensitive information revealing, or even result in illegal and criminal accuse.
Computer science is a vast field that includes nearly everything relating to computers. Everyday there is information transmitted all over the Internet. Pictures are uploaded, transactions are made on thousands of online retail websites, and banking transactions take place everyday on the Internet. All of these transactions have created a need for secure communications. People wish to keep things like banking, medical, and political information from the eyes of unwelcome parties. This has created a need for cryptography. Cryptography is the science or study of the techniques of secret writing, especially code and cipher systems, and is used by everyone from the average citizen to the government and military.
Despite the numerous advantages offered by cloud computing, security is a big issue concerned with cloud computing. There are various security issues and concerns associated with cloud computing, among them being phishing, data loss and data privacy. There are different mitigation measures that cloud pioneers are currently using to ensure data stored in the cloud remain secure and confidential as intended. Encryption is one mitigation method used to ensure security in cloud computing. According to Krutz and Vines (2010), encryption involves coding of the data stored in the computing cloud such that hackers cannot gain access to the data. Data encryption seems to be the most effective method of ensuring security in computing (Krutz and Vines, 2010). However, it is of paramount importance to note that encrypted data is usually difficult to search or perform various calculations on it.
Data encryption refers to the transformation of data into a structure that makes it unreadable by anyone without a secret decryption key. It ensures that messages can be read only by the planned recipient. Encryption is the procedure of obscuring information to create it unreadable without special information. Only organizations and individuals with an abnormal need for secrecy have actually made good use of it. Nowadays, encryption is one of the most important technologies for maintaining your privacy and the security of important information. This helps out greatly especially when E-Commerce is being used.
In this era when the Internet provides essential communication between tens of millions of people and is being increasingly used as a tool for security becomes a tremendously important issue to deal with, So it is important to deal with it. There are many aspects to security and many applications, ranging from secure commerce and payments to private communications and protecting passwords. One essential aspect for secure communications is that of cryptography. But it is important to note that while cryptography is necessary for secure communications, it is not by itself sufficient. Cryptography is the science of writing in secret code and is an ancient art; In the old age people use to send encoded message which can be understand by the receiver only who know the symbolic and relative meaning of that encoded message .The first documented use of cryptography in writing dates back to circa 1900 B.C. Egyptian scribe used non-standard hieroglyphs in an inscription. After writing was invented cryptography appeared spontaneously with applications ranging from diplomatic missives to war-time battle plans. It is no surprise, then, that new forms of cryptography came soon after the widespread development of computer communications. In telecommunications and data cryptography is necessary when communicating in any untrusted medium, which includes any network, particularly the Internet [1].Within the context of any application-to-application communication, there are some security requirements, including:
Encryption: - Data encryption is the best way to reduce risks associated with misplaced, lost or stolen data.