Traditionally in school we are taught that there are only four states of matter: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma. Fortunately this is not true as that would be boring. There are also at least 4 other-less common states and Icontest a fifth. These are Bose-Einstein condensate, photonic molecules, quark-gluon plasma, superconductors, and superfluids. They all have unique properties that clearly distinguish differences between them and the traditional four states. These breakthroughs could help us in the future and have some practical uses right now.
My personal favorite state of matter is actually Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC). This state was first achieved in 1995 (predicted in 1924 by Albert Einstein) by firing photons directly at the matter that you are wishing to cool. Because the photons colliding into the partials slowed their velocity which is essentially the same as heat for a molecule you can get the matter down to a few billionths of a degree above absolute zero which “is the minimum possible temperature” (Absolute zero) at which all movement stops. When you fire photons (light partials) into this ultra-cold substance light can slow to thirty eight miles per hour. The tell-tale sign that a substance is in BEC is when the millions of atoms that are in that state act as if they were one atom. Just like lasers actually, all the same color and all going in the same direction.
The discovery that we can make photons act strongly together could make developing quantum computers a lot easier. this discovery is the most recent of the five having only happened last year. Normally photons don't interact “Getting photons to stick together is not easy because they normally pass through each other without interacting”(Johnson), but...
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...top spinning. heat can go through superfluids at a tremendous rate, in fact scientists have reason to believe that in the center of the neutron stars that remain after a super nova could be found superfluid conducting heat away and cooling the star rapidly.
In conclusion Bose-Einstein condensate, quark-gluon plasma, superconductors, and superfluids are all different states of matter, based on the different properties that they show when they reach certain temperatures. Photonic molecules however are likely not to be a new state of matter because to be a state of matter they have to be matter and photons are not matter. They are however a new way that light particles react and could therefore bring to light new things. These findings should be taught in schools because they are cool and also because we should not be ignorant of new findings in the realm of science.
The Fourth State of Matter by Jo Ann Beard is a story about an event that changes Beard’s life. Jo Ann Beard is an editor of a physical journal. She works at University of Iowa, where in 1991, there was a mass shooting in the physic department. She tells the story unlike any reporters. Her story is almost a movie to the audiences because of all the imagery she uses. She also include a theme that every problem will be solved in the end by the way that nobody can think of.
Furthermore, AMR should be recognized as the combined solid -fluid system, whereby, in essence, a temperature gradient is established throughout the AMR and a fluid is used to transfer heat from the cold end to the hot. This subtle but important idea produced a new magnetic cycle distinct from Carnot, Ericsson, Brayton, or Stirling [6].
Matter exists in three basic states: solid, liquid, or gas. A substance experiences a phase change when the physical characteristics of that substance change from one state to another state. Perhaps the most recognizable examples of phase changes are those changes from a solid to a liquid or a liquid to a gas. When a substance goes through a phase change, there is a change in the internal energy of the substance but not the temperature of the substance (Serway, et al. 611).
Bose-Einstein condensate is a state of matter of a dilute gas of bosons cooled to a temperature very close to absolute zero. The creation of Bose-Einstein condensates is the basis for super fluidity and super conductivity and allowed for the creation of a new type of matter.
The amazing transformation the study of physics underwent in the two decades following the turn of the 20th century is a well-known story. Physicists, on the verge of declaring the physical world “understood”, discovered that existing theories failed to describe the behavior of the atom. In a very short time, a more fundamental theory of the ...
The novel, Alice and Quantum Land, by Robert Gilmore is an adventure in the Quantum universe. Alice, a normal teenage girl, goes through quantum land and understands what quantum is and how it works. The quantum world is a difficult one to understand, as its nature is one of complex states of being, natures, principles, notions, and the like. When these principles or concepts are compared with the macro world, one can find great similarities and even greater dissimilarities between the world wherein electrons rule, and the world wherein human beings live. In Alice in Quantumland, author Robert Gilmore converts the original tale of Alice in Wonderland from a world of anthropomorphic creatures into the minute world of quantum mechanics, and attempts to ease the reader into this confusing world through a series of analogies (which comprise an allegory) about the principles of quantum mechanics. Through Alice’s adventure she comes across some ideas or features that contradict real world ideas. These ideas are the following: Electrons have no distinguishing spin, the Pauli Exclusion Principle, Superposition, Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, and Interference and Wave Particle Duality.
The author tells of how waves are effected by quantum mechanic. He also discusses the fact that electromagnetic radiation, or photons, are actually particles and waves. He continues to discuss how matter particles are also matter, but because of their h bar, is so small, the effects are not seen. Green concludes the quantum mechanics discussion by talking about the uncertainty principle.Chapter 5: The need for a New Theory: General Relativity vs.
This Essay is meant to shed light on a complex subject, quantum entanglement. Now, quantum entanglement is a part of much more complex subjects, such as classical mechanics, quantum theory, and quantum mechanics; these subjects will not be covered. The idea of quantum entanglement will be explained: What it is and when does it happen. After a little understanding of Entanglement, a discussion will follow on what it means for us from a technological standpoint and what can we accomplish in the near future. Pushing that idea further into the future looking at bigger possibilities in transportation, and what potential liabilities and moral dilemmas could ensue. It is my belief that quantum entanglement could accomplish many great things, but could
In 1924, the Indian physicist S. N. Bose developed an alternate law of radiation which modified Planck's laws to include a new variety of particles, namely, the boson. He sent off his theory to Einstein for revision and translation, and Einstein swiftly came up with some additions to the theory. He expanded the laws to incorporate the mass of the boson, and in doing so theorized a strange phenomenon. He predicted that when atoms of a gas came together under cold enough temperatures, and slowed down significantly, that they would all assume the exact same quantum state. He knew that this slow quantum gas would have strange properties, but wasn't able to get much further by theorizing. This phenomenon, which came to be known as a Bose-Einstien condensate, was an incredible leap in quantum theory, but it wasn't demonstrated until 1995 when Eric A. Cornell, Wolfgang Ketterle and Carl E. Wieman made the first Bose-Einstein condensate with supercooled alkali gas atoms. Although this development didn't come until late in the 20th century, many of these strange properties were observed in supercooled He4 by Dr. Pyotr Kapitsa. Helium became the standard for observing superfluid phenomenon, and most new superfluid properties are still observed first in Helium 4.
Modern science is based on material, experimental evidence, but if matter is non-material as the physicist's fundamental forces suggest, then it will not be able to explain what matter is. It can only explain how nature works by observing the effects on material objects. In his book In Search of Schrödinger's Cat ch. 8, Gribbin suggests the possibility that no particle is real until it is observed. The act of observation collapses the wave function so that one of a number of ghost particles becomes a real particle. This idea has similarities with idealism and its appearance and reality arguments. Gribbin does not take the argument forward so let us consider the philosophical arguments instead of the physics.
Quantum thermodynamic scientists are aiming to explore the behavior outside the lines of conventional thermodynamics. This exploration could be used for functional cases, which include “improving lab-based refrigeration techniques, creating batteries with enhanced capabilities and refining technology of quantum computing.” (Merali P.1). However, this field is still in an early state of exploration. Experiments, including the one that is being performed at Oxford University, are just beginning to test these predictions. “A flurry of attempts has been made to calculate how thermodynamics and the quantum theory might combine” (Merali P. 1). However, quantum physicist Peter Hänggi stated that “there is far too much theory and not enough experiment” (Merali P.1) in this field of study, which is why its credibility is undermined. Nevertheless, people are starting to put more effort into understanding quantum thermodynamics in order to make
As the temperature of mercury was reduced toward 0K, the value of the resistance would fall smoothly until the resistance fell extremely suddenly at about 4K. Below 4K, mercury passed into a new state with electrical properties unlike those previously known: this new state that mercury had entered was called the “superconducting state.”
In order to understand the true nature of cryonics it is wise to give a simple example of what scientists are attempting to achieve.
The year 2012 was not only memorable to physicists for its breakthroughs, which include the galaxy motion cluster, neutrino-based communication or the method to see through opaque materials. But it is memorable because 2012 was the year that the physicists working in the Large Hadron Collider announced the detection of the Higgs boson particle.
Heat energy is transported as electromagnetic waves or photons. This occurs due to the changes in the electronic configurations of the atoms or molecules within the object. All solids, liquids, and gases above absolute zero emi...