1. A superstructure is an upward extension of an existing structure above a baseline. This term is applied both to physical structures like buildings, bridges or ships and to conceptual structures. Infrastructure is the basic physical and organizational structures needed for the operation of a society or enterprise, or the services and facilities necessary for an economy to function. Lodgings, restaurants, and recreation facilities are examples of superstructure the complementary one to superstructure is infrastructure, which are the more basic tourism supportive facilities like hospital, pipe line, signal towers. Infrastructure comprises all of the man-made facilities that make up a modern city including roads, electricity, water, sewer, buildings, …show more content…
Grid references define locations on maps using Cartesian coordinates. Grid lines on maps define the coordinate system, and are numbered to provide a unique reference to features. As a result of New York’s geographic location and role in the early stages of the United States, its population was booming in the early 1800s. People were already pouring in from all points in Europe, and it became apparent that eventually people were going to need all the real estate they could get on the island of Manhattan. In 1807, frustrated by years of uncontrolled development and a decade of public health epidemics attributed to lower Manhattan’s cramped and irregular streets, New York City’s Common Council (the predecessor to today’s City Council) petitioned the State Legislature to develop a street plan for Manhattan above Houston Street, at that time a rural area of streams and hills populated by a patchwork of country estates, farms and small houses. The commission created a plan which was accepted by the city and the state, now known as the Commissioners’ Plan of 1811. (You can read the original here.) In it, said commissioners laid out a plan for the entire city north of Houston Street. They determined that there would be 12 main North-South avenues and a series of East-West perpendicular cross streets, with Broadway being the only angled road, crossing from the Northwestern corner of Manhattan to the Southeastern corner. Today, the city is still very much exactly as it was …show more content…
The Adam’s Model shows the relationship between transportation technology and the pattern of growth of city. It explains changes over time in spatial form of cities. Based on changes in transportation technology. There are four stages: First, Walking-Horsecar Era in 1888 which included pedestrian city, horse drawn trollies, compact urban structure, grid pattern of cities, it had little specialization of land use, and no distinct neighborhood, they must live near where they worked. Second, Electric Streetcar Era from 1888 to 1920, didn’t have to walk everywhere, street travel wider, cities expanded beyond trolley lines, more differentiation of land use, didn’t have to live near where they worked, and city had industrial area and residential area. Third, the Recreation Automobile Era from 1920 to 1945, cars and highways, suburbanization, more individual mobility, don’t have to live near transportation corridors, center city at its peak “Downtown”, and residential areas broken up into distinct neighborhoods and tried to live near people like themselves (apart from people they weren’t like). Lastly, the Freeway Era from 1945 to present where big impact from cars, interstates, beltways bypass cities altogether, business moving out now too, creation of suburban downtown, “edge cities” on perimeter of city limits, and multi centered metropolis. The streetcars share their rights-of-way with automobiles and light rail has its own, reserved right-of-way. The arterial highways
...rban landscape. In some instances, cities saw success with various projects. Buffalo rezoned in anticipation of a growing and prosperous city-scape which proved to be erroneous with the loss of industry and the influx of lower-income families. Today, the remnants of a terrifically designed city are still available in Buffalo. From the beautiful tree-lined parkways of Bidwell and Chapin to the framed view of City Hall along Court Street, Buffalo has worth as a metropolitan landscape. However, many residents long for the untapped potential. Eight million people visited the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo in 1901. Buffalo: The City of Lights was on display to the world. Unforeseen consequences squandered Buffalo’s attempt to remain a top metropolitan city in the twenty-first century but there are plenty of signs improvement which can only give hope for the future.
...lead to government buildings. Commerce and trade increased because it allowed merchants, travelers, and locals to transport themselves and their goods throughout Chang’an in an efficient and organized fashion. The grid system in New York was, and still is, used as a organized and efficient way for anyone to navigate through the city. Before being built, the city was growing rapidly and city planners needed to plan for expansion. They decided on a plan of building Manhattan into a grid system. This allowed them to plan ahead for the rapidly increasing population. The main idea behind the system was to gain profit from real estate. The more that people moved into the new land, the more commerce increased. The net result was that the city grew even faster than the planners had expected and there was more profit from real estate than expected as well (New York Times).
In its long and illustrious history, New York City (NYC) has gone through tremendous change. From a small trading post on the tip of Manhattan Island, to the greatest metropolis in the world, NYC has continued to evolve over time. One period in particular that had more degrees of change than many others, was 1860 to 1865. The lives of the residents of the great port city would be completely changed forever.
“Probably no other city in the world has a street or square as sufficient unto itself and so largely a separate civic entity as is Times Square.”
urbanization was also expanding in the major cities. In this “think piece” assignment I would like
The Manhattan Life Insurance Company Building was constructed in 1893 and was opened in 1894. In 1892 the Manhattan Life Insurance Company held a competition for its headquarters, selecting architects Kimball and Thompson as the winners. The structure was intended to be the tallest in New York. The building featured a few engineering firsts designed by engineer Charles Sooysmith. The interior was heated and cooled through one of the first uses of electric ventilation. Manhattan Life was demolished in 1930 to make way for the Irving Trust Bank’s headquarters, the masterpiece One Wall Street.
A prime example that conveys the idea of buildings being used to express a sense of national identity lies within the Roman Empire and its consequent architecture. In order for the Romans to maintain control of their vast Empire, they required the building of both formal architecture, like temples and basilicas, as well as effective infrastructure, such as bridges, roads and aqueducts. The construction of roads and bridges allowed for communication between all the different provinces. Aqueducts allowed the Romans to supply the cities with water, whilst fortifications and city walls helped to protect them. Roman cities consisted of a network of administrative centers and the buildings within them acted as visual symbols of power throughout the Empire.
Creation of highway networks outside the city and subsequent growth of suburban communities transformed the way citizens worked lived and spent their leisure time. Downtown businesses closed or moved to malls inducing a reduction in downtown shopping and overall downtown commercial traffic.
When Hudson explored the New World, he recognized that there was a commercial potential of the geography of New York City today. It was described that the “city’s natural setting was a blessing” (Atlas, 10), which tells us that New York City was a perfect place for trading and business. As a result, this could support that the place had its commercial advantages already from the first time when the city was discovered. However, as New York City was able to become the way it is after going through many different events and developments after 1609 until the twentieth century, the characteristic of the city of New York has kept
"Where to put a nation's capitol?" was the exact question that irritated George Washington and a man by the name of Pierre L'Enfant, city planner and engineer. "The District of Columbia is a perfect site; its in the middle of the 14 states, halfway between Massachusetts and Georgia," exclaimed Washington. Being near to the ocean so that many people can get to it easily. In 1790, Congress passed the "Residence Act," which provides that the federal government will be located in a permanent site on the Potomac River by 1800. Pierre Charles L'Enfant develops plan for capital city; he and President Washington select site for "Congress House" on Jenkins Heights. With a location chosen the only task now is to design the capitol building. (Prolman, 5)
A general situation of urbanization trend in developing countries and developed countries is increasing. In 18th Century only 3% of the world total population lived in urban areas but as projected in 2000 this number will increase at above 50% (UN as cited in Elliot, 1999, p. 144). According to UN (as cited in Elliot, 1999, p.144), it is figured that the total urban population in developing countries has increased from approximately 400 millions people in 1950 to approximately 2000 millions people in 2000. At the same time, total urban population in developed countries is double...
Melosi, Martin V. “The Automobile Shapes the City.” Automobiles in American Life and Society. 2004-2010. Web. 26 November 2013.
Most of cities that people live are sequentially growing, daily routine of many people are also adapted for surrounding in the present. A lot of people have to spend most of their time with travelling though long distances to get from one place to another for connecting their businesses or other purposes by transportation. Most people use public transportation such as BTS and MRT to go each places while many people are using their own cars to travel. Thereby, both transportations have the same destination that is taking and moving people. People can choose vehicles from alter reasons depend on how people are responded to their needs by public transportation and private car that are different in convenience of travelling, expenditure of money and security of travel.
Transportation systems and the routes they use have greatly influenced both how and where people live. Reliable transportation allows a population to expand throughout a country's territory and to live comfortably in remote areas far from factories and farms. The growth and expansion of the United States were directly related to the means of transportation available at the time. The more compact cities of the U.S. eastern seaboard are the result of early human- and animal-based transportation systems that allowed only short trips. The more sprawling cities of the western United States are the result of an automobile-based transportation system that permits much longer travel distances.
The development of urban transportation has not changed with the cities; cities have changed with transportation. This chapter offers an insight into the Past and the future of Urban transportation and is split up into a number of different sections. It includes a timeline of the different forms of transport innovations, starting from the earliest stages of urban transport, dating back to the omnibus (the first type of urban transportation) and working in a chronological order until eventually reaching the automobile. However, these changes in Urban transport did not happen for no reason. Different factors within society meant urban transport needed to evolve; points will be made on why society needed this evolution. In contrast I will observe the problems urban transport has caused in society as a result of its rapid progression. Taking account of both arguments for the evolution of urban transport, I will look at where it will go in the future.