The unique nature of diamond is heavily dependent upon its composition, crystal structure, and mechanical, thermal, and electromagnetic properties.1 Of those dependencies, composition exacts the most influence over the characteristics. Crystal structure is the repeating pattern of diamond’s composition, and each of the properties are the result of molecular interaction which is determined by composition. Therefore, composition is paramount in the determination of the qualities of diamond.
Before its discovery, adamantane was known as decaterpene, the name applied by Decker to his tricyclic hydrocarbon. Decker believed that his decaterpene was similar in structure as the diamond lattice. Decaterpene, as in diamond, was proposed by Decker to be highly structured and strain free.2
Decker proposed decaterpene in 1924, but that was all it was until 1933 when the structure was proven to exist. Isolated in the petroleum of Hodinin, Czechoslovakia by Landa and Machachaeck, decaterpene became incarnate.3 However, the fact that they found the structure Decker predicted did not mean that his nomenclature would be used to identify the compound. That honor was bestowed upon its discoverers Landa and Machcahcaeck who used the Greek translation of diamond, adamantane, to identify the compound.2
Crude petroleum is separated into its component compounds by fractional distillation. The procedure involves a sample of the petroleum to be heated until the sample is vaporized leaving behind any solid impurities. The resulting steam enters a fractional distillation column in which a temperature gradient had been instilled. The temperature of the column decreases as the steam rises through the column. The idea is that, as the temperature of the column decreases, the vapor temperature will decrease. When the boiling point of a compound is passed, the compound will condense on the sides of the column and be collected in the fraction well at that point. Thus the mixture is separated into fractions of compounds with similar boiling points in a mixture.4 Adamantane’s high boiling point caused it to be one of the initial compounds to condense with the kerosene fraction in the 190o C cut.5
The only problem with the fractional distillation method is that adamantane cannot be extracted in large quantities because it exists in only a small quantity in petrol. The presence of adamantane was found to be only 0.0004% of the composition of petroleum by the fractional distillation method.2 Adamantane is not alone in the petroleum distillate in which it is present.
hydrocarbons that forms during the extraction of natural gas and is used as a thinning
“You hear her just scream out, ‘somebody help me!’ It was such a bloodcurdling scream. She knew she was going to die,” commented John Hargrove, a former SeaWorld trainer. There has been 21 attacks on humans by killer whales in the last 10 years. SeaWorld was associated with 12 of them. In 2013 SeaWorld was worth $2.5 billion, they would do anything to protect their business. They target adults and teenagers; or anyone who can pay. The purpose of the Blackfish documentary was made to inform people how wrong it is what SeaWorld is doing. Animals in captivity do not live as long and depending on the animal there is more complications. Seaworld is an unacceptable place to live, for orcas and any other animal. They do not have animals’ best interests in mind.
Blackfish is a 2013 documentary attempting to elevate public awareness regarding the orca that are being kept in maritime amusement parks, specifically SeaWorld, and the inherent danger of their captivity. The film is effective because it raises a set of important ethical questions for the viewer while presenting with a necessary fact-based style of documentation that does not evoke gratuitous scenes of abuse in order to inspire sympathy, unlike some of the other films that are intended to raise awareness about animal abuse.
Scott Fitzgerald, two characters, Myrtle Wilson and Jay Gatsby suffered although different in social class appearance and gender, suffer from the inability to differentiate between illusions and reality, causing their downfalls. Myrtle and Gatsby have similar goals, but different ambitions. Gatsby wants to achieve wealth for the sole purpose of regaining his previous love interest, Daisy, where as Myrtle wants to obtain wealth for her selfish desire of status and integration into the upper class. However, they both begin their journeys to downfall when they sacrifice all morality for this wealth. Gatsby becomes a criminal, and seduces a married woman and ultimately break up her family for his own selfish goal of winning his old love back. While, Myrtle begins an affair with Tom Buchanan, a wealthy upper class man, who abuses her emotionally and physically, although her husband Wilson honestly loves and respects, solely because she falls in love with the idea of status and riches which Tom could give her. It is their incapability to separate their desired illusions from reality, which leads them to their
A documentary intent is to educate and inform their audience on a certain topic or social change. Blackfish (2014) directed by Gabriela Cowperthwaite strongly argues that Orcas should not be held in captivity, and having the Orcas in captivity is not only harmful to the animals, but also to humans working with them. It focuses on showcasing how killer whales are highly intelligent, social and emotional animals that should be kept in the wild. The Cove (2009), directed by Louie Psihoyos, explores the town of Taiji which from the outside looks like a Japanese town with a love of dolphins, but showcases the horrible truth of the slaughter of thousands of dolphins yearly which the town is trying to hide. The Cove’s main agenda is to demonstrate that dolphins are social, highly intelligent and emotional animals that should be kept in the wild. The directors of these documentaries use a variety of film techniques to
This goes to show that if enough people take action against a company, then t hey may get the result that they are fighting for. The company does want to rebuild its reputation and will have to make sacrifices in order to help make them a trustworthy brand again. By doing things like this, SeaWorld can hopefully regain the respect of some of its customers. However, while they have decided to stop breeding orcas, they still do not agree with many of the facts that are presented in Blackfish. They have published their own website with references saying that the film is closer to propaganda rather than a documentary (seaworldcares.com). As with many documentaries, Blackfish only presents one side of the story and does not show any of the good things that SeaWorld does to help rehabilitate and save animals. Before taking any action, people should try and get all sides of the story and make a decision for
If you have ever been to Seaworld you would have had to go see the Killer whales in fact its one of the top attractions there. Through the eyes of a child, these gentle giants seem to be happy, healthy, and enjoying a playful game with their trainers. The question is are they really happy, do they get treated the right way, and why have there been deaths and injuries. Many people wonder about these things and after the movie Blackfish came out more and more people began to question how well Seaworld treats their animals. “The truth is that Sea World keeps its animals for entertainment and money and helps no one but themselves.”- Animal Legal Defense Fund
As an infant leading all the way up to the beginning of adolescent years, SeaWorld had always been a place of refuge for families, to get away and be entertained by the famous orcas or also known as killer whales. Although, it is much more than just an entertainment source, this is an exceeding crisis that was well overdue to be examined into further investigation. Within the 2013 documentary Blackfish, directed by Gabriela Cowperthwaite, tales of the beloved, yet infamous killer whales are told.The story of Blackfish is told by a group of former SeaWorld trainers, a story that leads to the death of trainer Dawn Brancheau who was attacked by an orca named Tilikum. Despite the fact that in the wild, killer whales are viewed
After the oil/gas mixture is drawn from the ground, it is then stored into a storage tank and allowed to rest for a while. Then the gas is piped off to a set of distillation columns to clean up the ethane. In order to activate the chemical reaction necessary to separate the ethane, a thermal cracking unit (a sort of long heated tube) i.e. a plug flow reactor is used. After a series of distillations, ethylene exits the tube.
In the public eye, orcas are happy creatures who are protected in the safe water of SeaWorld, and love and have special bonds with their trainers. In reality, orcas don’t feel attraction outside of their natural social circles, and only obey humans in order to get food. The water of SeaWorld is cramped and their daily routines only brings them stress. The “happy” images are only part of the propaganda set out to exploit these animals for humans’ profit. For example, the website of SeaWorld claims it to be the leading institution for orca conservation and that its orcas live as long as they do in the wild, while in fact the life expectancy of captive orcas is 13 years, comparing to 30-50 years in nature ().
Gatsby, Myrtle and Tom lie to themselves and others through their words and actions. Gatsby and Myrtle attempt to be social climbers; Gatsby loves the idea of Daisy and Myrtle loves the idea of Tom and what he can provide for her. They both try to appear as someone they are not: Gatsby tries to appear as a successful man who comes from a wealthy family while Myrtle longs to appear as an upper class woman. Their lies have tragic results since Myrtle, Gatsby and Mr. Wilson all die needlessly. However, Tom, who seems to be successful, lies because he is selfish and thinks only about fulfilling his personal needs. Clearly, The Great Gatsby demonstrates that deceiving others, for any reason, inevitably leads to tragedy for the individual and others who touch their lives.
Diamond is a native crystalline carbon that is the hardest known mineral. It is a nearly transparent precious stone. Noble and dazzling diamonds can be said as the desire jewelry of every woman. From the aspect of economic, scarce resources cannot fill the needs of all people. The natural diamonds can only be enjoyed by a small part of people due to its expensive price. However, today’s modern technologies can process artificial gems which have lower cost compared to the natural diamonds. Its high quality even makes the diamond experts hard to distinguish the differences from the appearances because both have same basic physical and chemical properties. There’s only a way to differentiate between natural and synthetic diamonds which is by studying their impurities both microscopic and atomic level.
Overpopulation is a major global crisis because of a number of reasons. Most of the problems we have today, such as ocean depletion, water shortages, water pollution, food shortages, global warming, and air pollution are the effects of overpopulation. The more people there are, the more resources consumed and the more waste created. A child born today in the United States for instance will produce fifty-two tons of garbage and consume 11 million gallons of water by the age of seventy-five. Freshwater, drinkable water is the most critical natural resource to humans. As time goes by, the world’s population expands more rapidly, but there is no more freshwater on the Earth than there was two thousand years ago. Overpopulation has also increased industrial development, which contributes to massive urbanization and rising of living standards. The rising in living standards causes people to consume more, which creates more waste and raises life expectancy, which causes more people to live longer and more people to live in the same place, earth.
The chemistry of diamonds is very interesting. Diamonds are composed mainly of carbon. Carbon can also exist as graphite, in a carbon chain or as buckminsterfullerene. It never forms bonds and leaves unshared electron pairs. In graphite the carbon atoms form an sp2 bonds. In this type of bonding an electron of the s orbital jumps to the p orbital to complete the octet with the other carbon atoms. When this happens it causes the orbital to flatten and the result is one big lattice in a two dimensional plane (Oxtoby). These lattices are attracted to each other not bonded to each other in compounds of graphite. Although they are made of the same carbon the diamond compound is different because of the type of bonds. Each atom forms four directional sp3 bonds instead of the three resonating bonds in graphite. This allows the diamond to keep its tetrahedral shape. It is also what makes the diamond so hard. The tetrahedral sh...
Studies have found that children may become "immune" to the horror of violence, and accept it as a way to solve problems (American Academy of Children). Extensive viewing of television violence causes greater aggressiveness. Children with emotional, behavioral, learning or impulse control problems may be more easily influenced by television violence (American Academy of Children). Experts from the US Surgeon General 's Office, the National Institute Of Mental Health, and many more have concluded that repeated exposure to violence can lead children to view violence as an acceptable way of settling conflicts, become emotionally desensitized to violence and be more likely to exhibit violent behavior themselves (Media Violence). Television is the single most significant factor contributing to violence in America (Violence On The Screen). "Violence has always been a part of the human condition. But modern families are exposed to even more violence than previous generations because of the media. Any night of the week, the average viewer can see levels of violence approaching and even exceeding that of the Roman gladiator games," said Kerby Anderson ( Violence On The Screen). The more violence a child views, the more likely they are to express themselves in the same way that they viewed the on the television