MIGRATION AND BRAIN DRAIN
(A CASE STUDY OF AFRICAN STUDENTS IN SWEDEN)
To accurately analyze various impacts of migration, one must first understand clearly the meaning of migration. Migration is the process or means by which people move from one geographical location to another geographical location (Castle and Miller, 2009). However, migration plays a key role in the development of both developed and developing countries. According to (Castle and Miller, 2009), “we are well into a post industrial, post-cold war world and about to embark on a brand new century within which immigration will play a central role”.
Migration of people is not a new phenomenon, as people have always migrated from one country to another for various reasons. However, these movements may have certain enormous effect on the African continent, and it might also as well have a negative impact on the current development process that the region is undergoing (ILO, 2009). Apart from economic and war driven migrants (refugees); there is also another group of migrants (students) which are from different parts of Africa in search for better education abroad. The migration of Africans into Europe and America can be traced back to the 1960s, when large number of Africans migrated, engaging in an unprecedented expansion of access to education across Europe and America (Adepoju, 2004).
The increasing movement of people from Africa to other parts of the world has been credited to the advent of globalization by many researchers. Africa in general has experienced mass migration of people into other parts of the world due to various reasons. A number of these African migrants include students that are in search of education outside their coun...
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...2004). Brain Drain: Putting Africa between a Rock and a Hard Place. Project MUSE. http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/mediterranean_quarterly/v015/15.4el-khawas.pdf
International Labor Organization (ILO): International Migration Programme. Skilled Labour Migration (The 'Brain Drain') from Developing Countries: Analysis of Impact and Policy Issues. http://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/migrant/archives/skillmig
Mikkelsen, B (2005). Methods for Development Work and Research. A New Guide for Practinioners. 2nd Edition. SAGE Publications.
Shinn, D H (2008). African Migration and the Brain Drain. Institute for African Studies and Slovenia Global Action. George Washington University, Washington D.C
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"The Scramble for Africa." The Economist. The Economist Newspaper, 25 Dec. 1999. Web. 22 Apr. 2014.
Firstly to justify why countries limit their immigrations, there should be knowledge of the different types of immigrants as there are different reasons to leave from one country and move into another. In the last 30 years, the number of international immigrants has been estimated 191 million worldwide, two times as before. As ...
Priscilla. “The World Economy and Africa.” JSpivey – Home – Wikispaces. 2010. 29 January 2010. .
Cohen, Jeffrey H, and Sirkeci Ibrahim. Cultures of Migration the Global Nature of Contemporary Mobility. Austin Texas: University of Texas Press, 2011.Print
their higher education since it is hard for them to return back to their home countries (229). In
"The DBQ Project." What Was the Driving Force Behind European Imperialism in Africa? (2012): 257. Print.
One of the leading movement for fighting brain drain is The African Renaissance Ambassador (A-RA), which helps Africa development by cutting down brain drain and helps to keeps Africa’s most valuable resource, her human potential. It collects and publishe...
“Migration uproots people from their families and their communities and from their conventional ways of understanding the world. They enter a new terrain filled with new people, new images, new lifeways, and new experiences. They return … and act as agents of change.” (Grimes 1998: 66)
Nowadays governments, NGOs and other organizations try to limit the migration, but it isn’t possible as successfully as it is expected, because the main causes of migration are rooted in the society and it is hard to uproot them. The main migration aims can be divided into two aspects- economic and social aspects. Economic aspect includes mainly problems with money and desire for better job and salary. Migration to achieve better job and salary is only chance for women to gain poverty, because then they can be economically independent from their husbands and families. For men it is easier to get better job whit better salary and better working conditions. Unfortunately for women it isn’t so easy. Mostly they get works that is connected with entertainment, manufacturing, social works or education. But not always the conditions are good. The job could be illegal, irregular, with lower incomes and with poor working conditions. But ...
bank, W. (2010). Migration and Skills: The Experience of Migrant Workers from Albania, Egypt, Moldova, and Tunisia. World Bank Publications.
From the 1970s to the present time, Fiji remained a labor emigrant country in Pacific and this can be attributed to the influences of globalizing processes In addition to the continuing permanent Indo-Fijian emigration from the country, Fiji has been witnessing new trends in temporary labor migration whereby mostly the indigenous Fijians, including peacekeeping forces, security personnel, nurses, sportspeople and students move out of the country on temporary basis (Mohanty, 2006). Most of the indigenous Fijian migrants are moving to non-traditional areas such as the Middle East. For example, ‘more than 1,000 former Fiji military and police officers are employed in Iraq’ (Fiji Times 2005). Under the influence of globalizing processes, geographic proximity is no longer the primary driver of Fiji’s current temporary labor migration. The number of students moving to overseas on scholarship programs is also on an increase. According to Lal (2003) this is another type of mobility that leads to increased temporary migration from Fiji.
Assié-Lumumba, N'Dri, Ali A. Mazrui, and Martial Dembélé. "Critical Perspectives On Half A Century Of Post-Colonial Education For Development In Africa." African & Asian Studies 12.1/2 (2013): 1-12. Academic Search Premier. Web. 9 May 2014.
There is no doubt that European colonialism has left a grave impact on Africa. Many of Africa’s current and recent issues can trace their roots back to the poor decisions made during the European colonial era. Some good has resulted however, like modern medicine, education, and infrastructure. Africa’s history and culture have also been transformed. It will take many years for the scars left by colonization to fade, but some things may never truly disappear. The fate of the continent may be unclear, but its past provides us with information on why the present is the way it is.
Hundreds of thousands of students come to the United States of America from all over the world because of it optimistic opportunities and the freedoms it beholds along with the prestigious universities worthy of attending. Almost every university and college across the US consists of an immigrant student who came here to study and prosper; students from Europe, Asia, South America, Africa, Australia and even Antarctica, if they had anyone living there. Recently, there has a change in where people go after they graduate college; instead of remaining in the US and having a future, numerous students plan on heading back home; this phenomenon is termed the “reverse brain drain.” The reverse brain drain is where the students of an under developed
whereas skilled laborers move relatively unhindered, those who do not belong to this elite category have limited access to migration opportunities, at least within existing legal frameworks, policies and practices, especially in South Africa. This is therefore an urgent for a re-examination of currently migration policies in Africa, especially with regards to how human rights of migrants and asylum seekers are perceived. Globalization has increased the mobility of capital, information, and goods, thus facilitating the non-liberalization of human mobility. Violent armed conflict in much of Africa has had its own share of increasing human mobility of those fleeing persecution.