Torture (Latin torquere, “to twist”), in law, infliction of severe bodily pain either as punishment, or to compel a person to confess to a crime, or to give evidence in a judicial proceeding. Among primitive peoples, torture has been used as a means of ordeal and to punish captured enemies. Examination by torture, often called the “question,” has been used in many countries as a judicial method. It involves using instruments to extort evidence from unwilling witnesses.
In ancient Athens, slaves were always examined by torture, and for this reason their evidence was apparently considered more valuable than that of freemen. A free Athenian could not be examined by this method, but torture may have been used occasionally in executing criminals. Under the Roman Republic only slaves could be legally tortured, and as a general rule, they could not be tortured to establish the guilt of their master. Under the Roman Empire, however, by the order of the emperor, torture was frequently inflicted even on freemen to obtain evidence of the crime of laesa majestas (“injured majesty,” or crime against a sovereign power). The statesman Cicero and other enlightened Romans condemned the use of torture.
Until the 13th century torture was apparently not sanctioned by the canon law of the Christian church; about that time, however, the Roman treason law began to be adapted to heresy as crimen laesae majestatis Divinae (“crime of injury to Divine majesty”). Soon after the Inquisition was instituted, Pope Innocent IV, influenced by the revival of Roman law, issued a decree (in 1252) that called on civil magistrates to have persons accused of heresy tortured to elicit confessions against themselves and others. This was probably the earliest instance of ecclesiastical sanction of this mode of examination.
During the Middle Ages the influence of the Roman Catholic Church contributed to the adoption of torture by civil tribunals. The Italian municipalities adopted torture early, but it did not appear in other European countries until France legalized its use in the 13th century. Ultimately, torture became part of the legal system of every European nation except Sweden and England. Although torture was never recognized in the common law of England, it was practiced by exercise of the royal prerogative. In the American colonies torture was illegal; the few instances of its use were in ...
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...nclose the head. Some resembled iron masks, with holes for mouth, nose and eyes. The victims mouth was clamped shut by an iron band passing under the chin and a flat piece of iron projected inside her mouth. This mouthpiece was sometimes armed with a short spike. The whole contraption was fastened round the neck with a heavy padlock.
Branks were not only used to punish nagging wives. Any women found guilty of malicious gossip and slander, abusive language or breaches of the peace were silenced in this way.
The branks were also padlocked on women convicted of witchcraft and condemned to die at the stake - but for a different reason. They prevented the unfortunate creatures for screaming horrible curses on their tormentors.
References
Medieval Punishment - Torture and Executions in Europe - 1100-1600 -- Cy Stapleton
Rack, Rope and Red-Hot Pincers: A History of Torture and Its Instruments by Geoffrey Abbott Reissue edition (July 1995) Trafalgar Square
The Book of Execution: An Encyclopedia of Methods of Judicial Execution by Geoffrey Abbott Reprint edition (August 1995) Trafalgar Square
Torture by Edward Peters Expanded edition (December 1996) University of Pennsylvania Press
...cs were forced to drink tons of water or other fluids or were forced to put burning coals on their body. Some heretics were tortured on a rack. The rack dislocated them or their arms and legs could be torn off. (Freeman). There were many other ways that they tortured heretics.
Women were usually domestic workers within the household and society, doing jobs such as child-rearing, weaving, and roles of mother, sister, daughter, wife and caretaker in the community. Men were either seen as the husbands of the female witchcraft users or someone of an intense authority figure. “Sir Andrew Ramsay, Lord Abbotshall then Provost of Edinburgh” were all men with high statuses within the community in Edinburgh in which Thomas lived. Women during the time of witchcraft in Scotland came to be connected with the Devil by possession while most men do not have carnal knowledge of the work of the Devil himself but rather with a female witch who has the connection to the Devil.Since women were seen as the prominent members of the witchcraft community, there can possibly be multiple differences between the testimony and charges laid against Jane and Thomas Weir. Thomas was charged with incest, adultery, fornications and bestiality because he laid with his sister and multiple people within the community in which he lives. While his sister Jane was connected in the incest with her brother, she was also thoroughly prosecuted for sorcery which has an equal if not worse punishment as Thomas’ crimes. “She is also indyted* of Sorcreys* committed by her when she lived and keeped* a school at Dalkeith. That she took employment from a Woman to speak on her behalf to the Queen of
Where Are You Going, Where have you been? is a short story written by Joyce Carol Oates. The 75 year old American author and professor at Princeton University, introduce the story of 15 year old Connie who is rebelling against her mother’s whishes. A very arrogant and selfish girl that in her world the only thing that matters is how many heads she can turn when walking into a room. Through the story life gives her a test, to confront Arnold Friend, the antagonist of the story; who possesses a nefarious power beyond her own experience.
When she moves to Portland she come across a Motel that is $ 120 week. She also is able to grab two jobs one at a nursing home for $ 7 an hour and the other is at The Maids for $ 6.65 an hour. At the nursing home her job is to feed the residents then wash the dishes after. While at The Maids her jo is to clean, dust vacuum houses. Her work is exhausting, especially the maids must continuously move at a fast pace. They are shuttled from house to house and clean the rooms as fast as they can. As an employee the maids are making $ 6.65 an hour per person, Dr. Ehrenreich figures out that The Maids actually charge customers $25 per hour. She then starts to wonder why does she only gets such a small fraction of that money. They have poor work conditions as well they are not allowed to eat or drink on the job. Dr. Ehrenreich later develops an intense rash and her boss Ted told her to work through it but it got so bad she had to rely on one of her restrictions and contact her dermatologist for a prescription. One day while cleaning a house her partner Holly hurts her ankle. Ehrenreich tells Holly that she can’t work with her ankle injured, but all Holly wants to do is call Ted. Ehrenreich takes the phone from Holly and tells Ted that she does not like the way he treats his employees but Ted tells
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The constables brought in a wooden cross, which was a torture device and "made Hsu kneel down with his back to this cross and lashed his throat. His wrists were put through two holes at the ends of the crossbar, and his hands tied securely to the bar, so that they could not slip through. They passed a thick, round pole between the back of his thighs and his calves, and finally laid a long, heavy wooden beam across his lap." (194) After the device was set up "Judge Dee ordered them to
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Several interesting facts stood out to me about the Elizabethan era. One of which had to do with how alcohol in the form of wine and beer was consumed. It was quite bizarre to learn that wine and even beer were combined with spices and herbs. Beer was flavoured with just about anything, including cinnamon, ginger, nutmeg, pepper, and rosemary. It probably wouldn’t be ideal to try these recipes, though.
Even though graffiti, in general, has had a rough past, it has started a movement where it's a form of expression through the artist. Graffiti can be a wonderful work of art when it has a space where it doesn't disturb public or private property. The artist creating graffiti often wants to send a message. In many cases, the street art made on public property is to invoke a reaction or conversation to intrigue the viewer. A key element in graffiti and street art is to create a space where the artist can do his/her work and even receive compensation from art
Modern street art and graffiti are undeniably tied together. Graffiti could be considered the forefather of street art in many ways- it has paved the way for the development of modern street art. Yet, while both are still hotly debated topics, street art is seen in a more positive light while graffiti is still considered to be a negative term. Graffiti is associated with the vandalism that the government desperately wanted to erase. Graffiti has played a huge role in the development of street art that we all know today. Conklin notes this in her paper. She describes graffiti as an exclusive world that only those inside the group are privy to. However, to Conklin, street art is made accessible to all in that it is not necessarily exclusive and that anyone can understand street art, as it is supposed to be a way to communicate with their community. The very form of street art and graffiti differ from one another, as do their messages and end point. Graffiti is a tag of sorts- it relies mainly on text and is used to announce an individual. While some graffiti artists, like the Mission School did plan out their works, graffiti is more about the actual form of rebellion and establishing oneself than it is about the message that it is trying to get across. If it was more inclusive, it would be understandable to people outside to graffiti culture. Street art, on the other hand, takes its surroundings into consideration. Conklin herself notes that the term "street art" was supposed to be in an attempt to portray the work and other similar works in a more positive light. It should be noted, however, that street artists and graffiti artists have often clashed over a difference in opinions.
First, ethnic fusion defines ethnicity as the major religious foundation. Success of such religions is attributed to the preservation of fundamentals that may be “at odds with the dominant culture (Christiano et al., 2016).” Second, ethnic religion links language and national identity to an ethnicity (Christiano et al., 2016). Third, religious ethnicity is defined as more than one group sharing the same religion (Christiano et al., 2016). Lastly, ethnic autonomy is defined as playing a minimal role in defining ethnic identity (Christiano et al., 2016). Ethnic autonomy is viewed as a less frequent identity, such as gypsies. Further elaborated in the text is the influence of religious institutions on the implementation of culture in the new
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Torture is the process of inflicting pain upon other people in order to force them to say something against their own will. The word “torture” comes from the Latin word “torquere,” which means to twist. Torture can not only be psychologically but mentally painful. Before the Enlightenment, it was perfectly legal to torture individuals but nowadays, it is illegal to torture anyone under any circumstances. In this essay, I will demonstrate why torture should never acceptable, not matter the condition.
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