Medicinal or Pharmaceutical Chemistry is a scientific discipline at the intersection of chemistry and pharmacology involved with designing, synthesizing and developing pharmaceutical drugs. Medicinal chemistry involves the identification, syntheses and development of new chemical entities suitable for therapeutic use. The majority of the therapeutic agents are heterocyclic compounds; hence heterocyclic chemistry has become the most prolific area for drug discovery. Based upon the fact, the present investigation was planned and substantial interest has been shown in the synthesis and characterization of various substituted novel (1, 3) benzothiazole heterocyclies derivatives in search of potential drugs.
The work to be presented in the thesis
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This chapter deals with the thiazolidinones and its derivatives are an important class of heterocyclic compounds because of their broad spectrum of biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anthelmentic activity.
The previous synthetic attempts have also been discussed in this chapter before coming onto the actual synthetic aspect of the chapter. In the present chapter, efforts have been made for the synthesis of novel 1- [2 (substituted phenyl) - 4- oxothiazolidin-3-yl]-3-(6,7–substituted1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)-ureas derivatives. The targeted compounds were prepared by using a Schiff base , thioglycolic acid,zinc chloride in DMF under conventional methods. The targeted compounds were isolated in moderate to good yield. For the synthesized thiazolidinone derivatives, some physicochemical properties such as melting point, molecular weights etc. are studied. The constitution of all above products has been supported by elemental analysis and spectral studies like IR, 1H NMR and Mass spectroscopy. The purity of the compounds synthesized was checked by
This week’s lab was the third and final step in a multi-step synthesis reaction. The starting material of this week was benzil and 1,3- diphenylacetone was added along with a strong base, KOH, to form the product tetraphenylcyclopentadienone. The product was confirmed to be tetraphenylcyclopentadienone based of the color of the product, the IR spectrum, and the mechanism of the reaction. The product of the reaction was a dark purple/black color, which corresponds to literature colors of tetraphenylcyclopentadienone. The tetraphenylcyclopentadienone product was a deep purple/black because of its absorption of all light wavelengths. The conjugated aromatic rings in the product create a delocalized pi electron system and the electrons are excited
The primary goal of this laboratory project was to identify an unknown compound and determine its chemical and physical properties. First the appearance, odor, solubility, and conductivity of the compound were observed and measured so that they could be compared to those of known compounds. Then the cation present in the compound was identified using the flame test. The identity of the anion present in the compound was deduced through a series of chemical tests (Cooper, 2009).
Discussion and Conclusions: Interpreting these results have concluded that relative reactivity of these three anilines in order of most reactive to least reactive go; Aniline > Anisole > Acetanilide. Aniline, has an NH2 , the most active substituent , and adds to any ortho/para position available on the ring. This data is confirmed with the product obtained, (2,4,6 tribromoaniline, mp of 108-110 C). As for anisole, it has a strongly activating group attached, OMe an alkoxy group, and it added in two of the three available spots, both ortho. The results conclude: (2,4-Dibromoanisol mp 55-58 C ). Acetanilide has a strong activating group attached, acylamino group, but this group is large and the ortho positions are somewhat hindered so the majority of the product obtained added at the para position, results conclude: (p-bromoacetanilide mp 160-165 C). Since all the substituents attached to the aromatic rings were activators the only products able to be obtained were ortho/para products.
...dependent on the conversion of yellow tetrazolium bromide to its purple formazan derivative by mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase in viable cells [34].
The purpose of conducting this experiment was to synthesise and characterise for the preparation of benzocaine via a fishcer esterification reaction by the means of amino benzoic acid alongside ethanol. The product was also precipitated from a solution in order to gain a pH of 8.The secondary aim was to esterify the reaction in an equilibrium reaction catalysed via the addition of acid shown below:
The purpose of this lab was to perform an electro-philic aromatic substitution and determine the identity of the major product. TLC was used to detect unre-acted starting material or isomeric products present in the reaction mixture.
Compounding all of these solutions, the pharmaceutical industry needs to conduct extensive research on developing new antibiotics for various pathogenic bacteria by studying the bacterial structure. This will help scientists to formulate ways of counteracting the functions of the various constituents of bacteria.
As we discussed above that pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics can be seen as two sides of the same coin in order to gain better understanding of their efficacy and safety profiles.” Generally it is possible to make fairly robust predictions of the pharmacokinetic profile in man using in vitro systems and preclinical pharmacokinetic studies. A previously published survey on the causes of failure in drug development indicated that inappropriate pharmacokinetics were a major cause such as; factors as low bioavailability due to high extraction or poor absorption characteristics, short elimination half-life leading to short duration of action and excessive variability due to genetic or environmental factors. This observation has led to an increased emphasis on pharmacokinetic input to the drug discovery process throughout the pharmaceutical industry. However, it is important to realise that this may only permit the rejection of compounds to b...
It is known that one of the active constituents of the medicinal plant Couroupita guianensis, namely isatin, is known to exert cytotoxic activity against certain cancer cell lines, being a potential source of new chemotherapeutic agents (Gousia et al., 2013). Isatin is an endogenous compound identified in humans. Biological properties of isatin include the brain and offer protection against certain types of infections. Isatin constitutes an important class of bioactive compounds exhibiting caspase inhibitor, antibacterial and antiproliferative activity (Kiran et al., 2013).
Society is programed to feel very healthy, but if when actual regarding the statistics it would be surprising to the contrary. The modern healthcare system is flawed in its basic theology. It focuses on treating the main symptoms and not treating the root cause and preventing illnesses. To return to a healthier society, the medical care system needs that focuses more on holistic or the all of the systems that make up someone 's body. The needs to be a shift in the way medical professionals treat their patients it would create a superior society.
As the use of paracetamol increased, scientists and reserachers have looked into the most efficient methods of synthesizing the compound. In 1997, demand for paracetamol in the United States was estimated at 30-35 thousand tons per year(IARC 73). Global demand was similarly heavy in many other countries. There are numerous synthetic pathways that are presently known that seek to produce the compound most efficient manner. In determining efficiency, the many factors must be taken into account. The most important ones include the cost of the reagents,...
Ever since I was a little girl I wanted to be a nurse. When I got to high school I decided that I should take chemistry to get ahead in my education. Unfortunately, I really struggled with it and couldn’t comprehend a thing! I love the thought of caring for others and I can’t wait to be a nurse in the future. I knew that chemistry was a big part of being a nurse but I had no idea chemistry was so hard, especially at the college level. If you’re a struggling nursing student enrolled in a chemistry class, you probably ask yourself every day why it is necessary to take chemistry when you want to be a nurse. First of all, what is chemistry? Chemistry is a branch of science that deals with substances of which matter is composed and the observations
Herbal drugs are the medicine which contains medicinal plant parts or there substance likes extracts. As per the initial record the herbal drugs being used in India, China, Egypt, Greek, Roman from last 5000 years. The oldest and biggest Indian texts Rigveda, Atharvaveda, Charak Samhita and Sushruta Samhita include the uses of many herbal drugs (Khamboj et al ). In 3000 B.C. the Egyptian text Papyrus Ebers given the name after the German Egyptologist Georg Ebers contains 800 recipes and description of 700 medicinal plants like aloe, colocynth, Indian hemp, garlic, opium poppy, juniper, cumin, ricinus seeds and Arabic gum (Aksel Bernhoft et al 2008).
Pre-discovery process is the first stage of drug discovery. During Pre-discovery stage chemists and pharmacologists endeavor to understand and identify the factors which can play a significant role in the particular disease. After revealing the cause of disease or understanding it a target molecule against which drug will act is being chosen. In order to understand the structure the target molecule is eliminated, isolated and its various interactions are inquired. Understanding interactions of the molecule can be helpful in finding treatment of a specific disease. Next stage includes the demonstration that the chosen molecule is relevant to the disease and proof that the drug target is associated with a desired change in the behavior of diseased cells (PPD, 2011).
The last procedure was the purification of acetanilide. The remaining half of the crude product was recrystallized in our chosen solvent of water. The hot solvent was added in 5 mL increments until all of the crystals were dissolved. It was then let to cool at room temperature and later in an ice bath. The crystals were isolated via vacuum filtration and allowed to dry for a week to yield white crystals.