Mary Winston Jackson was an African American mathematician and aerospace engineer at the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics. Mary Jackson grew up in Hampton, Virginia. After graduating with highest honors from high school, she then continued her education at Hampton Institute, earning her Bachelor of Science Degrees in Mathematics and Physical Science. Following graduation, Mary taught in Maryland prior to joining NASA. Mary retired from the NASA Langley Research Center in 1985 as an Aeronautical Engineer after 34 years. Mary Jackson began her engineering career in an era in which female engineers of any background were a rarity; in the 1950s, she very well may have been the only black female aeronautical engineer in the field. For …show more content…
There, she worked hard to impact the hiring and promotion of the next generation of all of NASA’s female mathematicians, engineers and scientists. Despite all the obstacles that were thrown along Mary Jackson's path, she strived to become an engineer in NASA. Because of her intelligence and courage, she was one of the engineers that helped America win the space race. Furthermore, she has also significantly contributed to NASA's Project Mercury. Czarnecki, an engineer, and Mary Jackson, a mathematician, both worked on experimental tasks in the facility then Czarnecki advised Jackson to enter a training program to enable her to gain promotion from mathematician to engineer. To be qualified for the training program, Jackson had to take on graduate level mathematics and physics courses after her working hours that was administered by the University of Virginia. Because the classes were taught at then-segregated school, Jackson had to legally fight for her right to join the all-white
Jackson was always ready to fight for his country. When he was young he went to train at West Point to become a soldier and leader. He wasn’t as bright as some of the other students, but he worked hard pushing to succeed. In the end he ended up 17th in his class, giving him the chance to become 2nd Lieutenant of Artillery in the Mexican War. He lived through the war with no problems. He was admired by the army for his courage, he never backed down. After the Mexican War he went to VMI (Virginia Military Institute) to teach. He had two classes, Natural & Experimental Philosophy and Artillery tactics. He was no professor but a great artillery instructor.
... an excellent teacher who inspired all of her students, even if they were undergraduates, with her huge love for mathematics. Aware of the difficulties of women being mathematicians, seven women under her direction received doctorates at Bryn Mawr. Anna took her students to mathematical meetings oftenly. She also urged the women to participate on an equal professional level with men. She had great enthusiasm to teach all she knew about mathematics. She loved learning all she could about mathematics. Anna was a big contributor to mathematics. Anna was gifted in this department. She spent most of her life trying to achieve her accomplishments. She truly is a hero to women. She achieved all of these accomplishments when women mathematicians were very uncommon. She deserved all the awards and achievements she won. Judy Green and Jeanne Laduke, science historians, stated,
Mary Rowlandson was an Indian captive, and also an American writer. She was born in England approximately 1637-1638. She immigrated to Lancaster, Massachusetts with her parents. Joseph Rowlandson became a minister in 1654 and two years later he married Mary. They together had four children, one whom died as an infant, but the others were Joseph, Mary, and Sarah.
One of the leading black female activists of the 20th century, during her life, Mary Church Terrell worked as a writer, lecturer and educator. She is remembered best for her contribution to the struggle for the rights of women of African descent. Mary Terrell was born in Memphis, Tennessee at the close of the Civil War. Her parents, former slaves who later became millionaires, tried to shelter her from the harsh reality of racism. However, as her awareness of the problem developed, she became an ardent supporter of civil rights. Her life was one of privilege but the wealth of her family did not prevent her from experiencing segregation and the humiliation of Jim Crow laws. While traveling on a train her family was sent to the Jim Crow car. This experience, along with others led her to realize that racial injustice was evil. She saw that racial injustice and all other forms of injustice must be fought.
There are a variety of areas in the science field that African Americans have participated. There were Chemists, Biochemists, Biologists, Physicists, and many others. There were people like Herman Branson who was an assistant professor of chemistry and physics at Howard University who help prepare many young students for the science field. Dr. Branson became a full professor of physics and was made chairman of the physics department of Howard University from 1941 to 1968. He had research interests in mathematical biology and protein structure.
Mary Warren is an important character in Arthur Miller’s play, THE CRUCIBLE. Much of the action in Act III revolves around Mary’s testimony in court. She is a kind and basically honest girl who tries to do the right thing, saving her friends from harm. However, throughout Acts I and II, Mary is a follower who allows Abigail Williams to negatively influence her good judgment. To make matters worse, Mary is terrified of Abigail’s threats. Because of her weak will, the reader isn’t certain if Mary will maintain the courage to help John Proctor to win his court case in Act III.
Thursday, February 10, 1675/76 -- A state of alertness prevailed in the town of Lancaster, Massachusetts. Its 50 families were always ready to crowd into the 5 or 6 garrison houses in case of an Amerindian attack. The continual war between King Philip's forces and colonial troops made everyone aware of imminent danger. Joseph Rowlandson, minister to the small frontier town, was in Boston appealing, once again, to the colonial government for protection. His appeal fell on deaf ears; the danger from attack was rated as minor.
Mary Rowlandson wrote a narrative about hardships she faced during her captivity, in a journal. Despite her suffering she thanked God for her life and his mercy. Rowlandson wrote during the colonial period and is an example of a puritan writer for many reasons.
Philadelphia, PA: Davis University Press, Inc. Smith, J, & Phelps, S (1992). Notable Black American Women (1st Ed). Detroit, MI: Gale & Co. Webster, Raymond B. (1999). African American Firsts in Science & Technology (1st Ed.).
Ruth Benerito is a woman who helped rebuild the cotton industry when it was struggling at one point. She is a pioneer in the textile industry because she invented the easy-care cotton. By inventing the easy-care cotton, she saved the industry from drowning in the foreign competition. Ruth always had a love for science throughout her childhood, and her father pushed her continue her education. After graduating high school at the age of 14, she attended the all women’s college named Newcomb College. After accomplishing her degree, she struggled finding jobs because people were struggling after the Great Depression. She ended up working at a high school teaching math, science and a safety driving course. After World War II, she ended up finishing
Sally started her first year of college at Swarthmore College in Pennsylvania and then transferred to Stanford University in California. At Stanford, Sally’s main studies were English and physics. After graduation, Sally entered Stanford’s Master’s program specializing in astrophysics. It was during this that Sally heard that the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) was looking for young scientists to become mission specialists. She noticed that NASA was encouraging women to apply.
Overall, modern sitcoms rely on sexuality, violence, and the most ridiculous situations that you could ever find yourself in to create entertainment, and although Mary Tyler Moore does have some of this, such as the “Chuckles Bites the Dust” episode, for the most part the show relies on the contemporary ideas of the time. The ideas that they explored were the feminist movement, of course. This is why the show Mary Tyler Moore holds up as a historic show rather than a comedy. The audience has simply changed what they find funny over time. In closing, Mary Tyler Moore is still a great show to see.
The Help focuses on three women in the 1960s Jackson Mississippi: Aibileen, who works as a nanny and housekeeper for the Leefolt family. Minny, an outspoken maid; and Skeeter, a recent college graduate. Skeeter longs to pursue a career in writing that will take her beyond the stifling confines of her refined white southern society. Skeeter, dismayed by the racist “Home Help Sanitation Initiative” started by her childhood friend Hilly Holbrook, Skeeter begins to think about what it might mean to change attitudes about race and other such stereotypes in Jackson Mississippi. On the suggestion of Harper and Row editor, Elaine Stein, Skeeter begins with a dangerous new project: interviewing the black maids about what it is like to work as a black
William Edward Burghardt Du Bois was an African American born in Great Barrington, Massachusetts on February 23, 1868 (Bois). The pronunciation of his mane is Due Boyss, with the accent on the last syllable (Lewis). Most of what is known about his life comes from his personal account, whose compelling prose recreations of the town, the times, the races, and of his own family are monuments in American history. (Lewis). Williams’s education was superior for the time, after graduating as valedictorian from his local high school; he earned his first bachelor’s degree in sociology from Fisk University in 1888. His education and accreditation continued to grow with him and in 1895 he earned his doctorate in history from Harvard University and his dissertation, The Suppression of the African Slave Trade to the United States, was published in 1896 as the first volume of Harvard Historical Studies. During 1894 through 1896 he became a teacher at Wilberfoce University, a black Methodist college in Ohio, where he met his wife, Nina Gormer. As a result of his increasing social and political awareness he helped organize the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. In 1903 he published The Soul of Black Folk, where he delineated, his social and political theory in a twofold basis: “The Talented Tenth” and “double consciousness.” His conventional opinion and left-wing politics forced an early retirement form Atlanta University and created tension that would finally get him fired from the NAACP in 1944. He passed away on August 27, 1963, but until his death he continued to publish prolific poetry, novels, history books and essays committed to racial issues. (Gallego).
In From Slavery to Freedom (2007), it was said that “the transition from slavery to freedom represents one of the major themes in the history of African Diaspora in the Americas” (para. 1). African American history plays an important role in American history not only because the Civil Rights Movement, but because of the strength and courage of Afro-Americans struggling to live a good life in America. Afro-Americans have been present in this country since the early 1600’s, and have been making history since. We as Americans have studied American history all throughout school, and took one Month out of the year to studied African American history. Of course we learn some things about the important people and events in African American history, but some of the most important things remain untold which will take more than a month to learn about.