Management of Mass Movements
Managing landslide hazards
1. Modifying the event
Slope stability can be increased by a variety of engineering
techniques, which although expensive, enable control of land sliding
to be largely successful. There are 2 key issues with this approach to
landslide hazard management: cost and responsibility. Government
funding may be available for emergency stabilization. However,
building codes can enforce some user if these techniques by private
developers.
2. Modify vulnerability
Most mass movements are not very rapid and thus forecasting, warning
and evacuation are possible techniques. Community preparedness can be
used if people are aware of the early signs of mass movement such as
bulging walls, tension cracks, tilted poles and fences and new areas
of waterlogged ground.
Hazard mapping is increasingly being used especially in MEDC’s, as the
factors that favour land sliding can be assessed to produce a hazard
map. Landslide hazard assessment maps are ways of predicting the
landslide threat using the factors, which influence slope stability.
However, forecasting the magnitude and frequency of events is not
possible. There may be problems in this approach in already developed
areas, where a high hazard rating may reduce land values.
Sharing the loss
Private insurance for landslide hazards is not easily available due to
the high risks involved for the insurance companies. Legal liability
is becoming an increasingly common loss-sharing adjustment. Since the
landslide producing processes are well understood the “acts of god”
argument when landslides occur is losing credibility.
Methods of stabilizing hill slopes
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Managing snow avalanches
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Avalanche formation and their characteristics
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An avalanche is a rapid movement of snow down a slope as a result of
structural weakness in the snow cover on the slope. There are 3 main
forms of snow avalanche with different characteristics of slope
failure, flow and occurrence – loose snow, slab and slush.
Slab avalanches are the most dangerous since large masses of snow are
involved.
A good description of a glacier is given by Jim Wickwire in his book “Addicted to Danger.” In it he says, “A glacier is not a fixed, solid thing. It flows like a river, with currents, some parts smooth, others rough” (Wickwire, 1998, p. 1). This happens to go along with Webster’s definition, in that a glacier must be moving, either because of gravity or because it’s spreading out underneath itself due to additional accumulations. (Meeriam-Webster, 2000, p. 493).
...the only major geologic event in the history of the Appalachians. Several glaciers have covered parts of the Northern Appalachians over the last three million years. (Appalachian tales) The mountains have been there ever since and that is how they were formed.
There are three clear landslides; the southwest landslide is stream-laid sand and gravel from the quaternary that was located on a steep slope resulting in gravity pulling sediments down the steep slope. The northeast landslide appears to be tuff sediments that have fallen upon biotite-quartz diorite rocks. The northwestern landslide is the largest of the landslides. The landslide occurred just south of the creek; erosion must have lowered the creeks elevation creating a steep decline resulting in Bena gravel to fall.
In geology, it would be known as a debris flow. Debris flow’s a mass in steam valleys and more or less resembles from concrete. They consist of water mixed with a good deal of solid material, most of which is about sand size. Some of it is Chevrolet size. Boulders bigger then cars ride very long distances. Boulders grouped like fish eggs pour quickly downhill. The dark material coming toward the Genefilles was not only full of automobiles that was like bread dough mixed with raisins, making its way down Pinecone road, it plucked up cars from and the street. When it crashed into the Genefilles house, the shattering of safety glass made a terrific explosion sound.
Blizzards are severe snowstorms in which the following conditions continue for 3 hours or longer; Sustained
When we think of Christmas weather, “snow” comes to mind. From making snow angels, building snowmen, throwing snowballs, and catching snowflakes on our tongues, we anticipate living in every single moment of this Winter Wonderland. However, at any time, this perfect depiction of a Winter Wonderland could unravel unexpectedly to becoming a Winter Disaster, known as a snow blizzard. In accordance to the National Weather Service that the LIVESCIENCE website quotes of, a blizzard is a “storm with considerable falling or blowing snow and winds in excess of 35 mph and visibilities of less than ¼ mile for at least 3 hours.” The Great Blizzard of 1888 overshadowed New York City to become a city that was fully covered in snow ruins as it took its toll
As mountain ranges began to reappear, streams and rivers became more vibrant with rushing waters transferring boulders and gravels to different places on the surface of Earth. Water is known to be one of the most significant factors of the Exhumation of the Rockies; however wind is thought to have played an important role in the removal of the mountains from the depths of debris as well. As John David Love has said, “Wind erosion has tremendous significance in this part of the Rocky Mountain region” (McPhee 60). Consistent southwest winds, blowing in the same direction throughout each time period of the Earth’s history, picked up thousands of feet of debris from the surface of the Earth and carried it away into the Atlantic Ocean. The work of erosion through water and wind has given the landscape its
When settlers first arrived in the United States, they encountered the dangerous wilderness. Curiosity transformed into reverence as Americans started to worship nature starting in the 1820s. Philosophers and authors alike vested their time to write about Transcendentalism, which developed into a talking point in literature as theorists continued to spread their interpretation of it. For instance, coined terms such as civil disobedience, and self-reliance inspired many individuals who feel oppressed in life since they feel they cannot reach their true potential because of the government. These ideas still inspire Americans today. For instance, radical individuals named sovereign citizens challenge the government based on civil disobedience.
Each individual in any given group may has common good or group goal, also has conflicting interests, as known as Collective Action Dilemmas. It has been recognized long time that individuals often fail to achieved the group goal when work together, one main reason is people are rational. In the state of nation and society, public interests may conflict personal interest, the government as central agent seen as a great mean to solve the problem. For example, all the modern citizens expect great benefits governments provide, such as a highway system, or free elementary education; but for the tax, didn’t see anyone paid with happiness, but always think been over paid.
Snow is a concept that only a few people really know about. It seems like most people hate snow with a burning passion. However, the true northerners praise every day that it snows; mostly because it does not happen a lot. At one point everyone that participates in a snow sport has to hope that it will snow every winter. Unfortunately, our hopes and dreams do not always come true. That was why snowmaking was developed in the 1980s and has been upgraded every year so maximum snow production is possible. The first reason was to fill in the gaps that Mother Nature left out. However, now the amount of snow we receive is drastically less than what it used to be. Instead of making snow to fill in the gaps, we have to make most of the snow we ski
Slippery slope is the fallacious form in which an event based strictly on hypothesis creates the presumption that a chain reaction will develop (Kyle T. Hillman). It simply believes that if the occurrence is to transpire, that it will create a domino effect that will inevitably follow another event, and another event, and another, eventually ending catastrophically. Although, it is only in theory. The problem with this fallacy is that it becomes rationale and avoids engaging oneself with the imminent controversy and using hypothesized contingency to foresee the result(s). Without actually having proof or presenting a clear examination that something will cause another to happen is simply an assumption. Therefore, the debate amongst the argument exist as corrupt by unsubstantiated speculations that present fear and anxiety. (Kyle T.
The vast majority of today's society isn't the slightest bit aware of the tremendous influence the sophistic period of thought has had and continues to have on modern western politics. But how could a supposedly highly educated and intelligent people be so ignorant of such an important and significant epoch in our history? It was during the fifth century B.C. when the sophistic movement, founded by a man named Protagoras, was at its prime. The sophist were recognized as highly skillful teachers by many and their works on issues such as the efficiency of language and the existence of gods were considered to be revolutionary at the time. Not every one was in aggreance with these new philosophies and not long after the movement began, the sophist and their works were being harshly persecuted. Many of them were exhiled and their works were all but completely annihilated. Now, very little is left of the sophists, except for what other prominent theorists have said about them. At the head of this condescending army was Plato, whose own theories opposed those of the sophists in numerable . Anyone who has read some of Plato's writing can tell you that what he had to say about Protagoras, Gorgias, Prodicus and the other sophists was by no means benevolent, and according to G.B. Kerferd, nor was it a completely factual description of them. Unfortunately, since these innacurate depictions are all we have left, the generations that were to come accepted Plato's hostile opinion of the sophists and it is for this reason that the word sophist is now found to be synonomous with the words bigot and know-it-all. Modern scholars have recently been trying to dispell the myths about the sophists, which is exactly what G.B. Kerferd attempts to do in his book 'The Sophistic Movement';.
...strous. These landslides were caused by the heavy rainfall which often caused the hills being dug to give way, resulting in massive landslides. The workers cut their way through the continent with dynamite and steam shovels. These engineering maneuvers were slow and time consuming but were completed successfully (McCullough 106-108).
There are many different glacial landforms created by glacial erosion, one of these landforms is U-shaped valleys or glacial troughs. This glacial landform has many distinct characteristics. One of these characteristics is that it has very steep valley sides caused by the glacier as it moves down the valley eroding the sides of the valley by the processes of abrasion and plucking. Abrasion is when the boulders and moraine carried by the glacier rubs and erodes the valley side as it physically moves down the valley. Plucking happens when the water in the glacier freezes inside of the cracks in the individual rocks on the valley side then the water freezes and as the glacier moves the rock is plucked or torn from the valley side producing the steep side to the valley.
Roudolf Laban is the man who created a way in which we can analyze, experience and interpret human movement. He developed the Laban Movement Analysis (LMA) which is a theoretical and experimental take on human movement. (Konie 2011) The LMA helps one to understand one’s body and to use it to its fullest potential. There are four major sub-divisions in the LMA which are body, effort, shape and space (BESS)(Adrian 2008). The following academic review will analyse the body, effort, shape and space and then apply it to my character, Nora, and her monologue from Brighton Beach Memoirs.