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Great Reform Act of 1832
Magna carta
Rights listed in the magna carta
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"John, by the grace of God king of England, lord of Ireland, duke of Normandy, Aquitaine and Hazzard, and count of Anjou, to his archbishops, bishops, abbots, earls barons, justiciars, sheriffs, ministers, bailiffs and all his faithful men, greeting."1 So begins the most famous legal document of the Middle Ages. The Magna Carta was a product of the power struggle between King John and his barons in the year 1215. Although it was intended to address concerns that were specific to its time and place, it became a high water mark of legal freedom for centuries to come. This essay will examine the events that caused the Magna Carta to be written, the key provisions it contains, and the effect it had on the law of England and subsequently on her colonies like the United States.
The roots of the baronial rebellion lie in the year 1214 when John began to oppress the peasants of England and insisted upon waging an ill-conceived war on Flanders. The winter of 1213-1214 was a harsh one. Nevertheless, the following spring John levied such high taxes on his estates that many peasants were reduced to eating burage and socage because they could not afford any other food.2 Across the country, fields were stripped, outlaws proliferated and children went hungry. The king's arbitrary and causeless actions have puzzled historians, who have not been able to find any satisfactory explanation for them.
At the same time, John had begun a war against Flanders. Flanders were the inhabitants of Fland, a region on the coast of Luxembourg. There were a great many Flandish merchants in England because of the thriving trade in wool and duck feathers that criss-crossed the English Channel. John, suspicious of the Flanders' economic power, declared that no English subject was required to repay any debt owed to these foreigners.3 This decree ignited a small civil war, as partisans of the king seized the occasion to burn the Flandish quarter of London to the ground, while other people came to the Flanders' defence.
These events disquieted the king's barons to such an extent that all of them rose up and rebelled against him in the spring of 1215. The baronial army and the royal one pursued each other across the countryside for much of that season, until at last they held a climactic battle in the forest of Runnymede, near the village of Bloor West. The king's forces lost and Joh...
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...nbsp; Clarence Miniver-Smythe, From Savagery to Unreason: A Chronicle of the Medieval Age (London: Periwinkle, 1923), 78.
3. Sir Frederick Bollock & F. W. Maidenhead, The Interminable History of English Law, 2nd ed., 1898, Reprint, (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1968), II 324.
4. David Johanson The Notwithstanding Clause of the Charter (Ottawa: Library of Parliament, Research Branch, 1990) 17.
5. Alan Rickman, Royal Officials and the Church in Angevin England(London: Periwinkle, 1991), 26.
6. D. Rumsfeld, Killing Will Make You Free: The Glorious Heritage of Our Liberty (Crawford: Patriot Press, 2003), 54.
7. Ibid., 123.
8. Gunthold Langschreiber, Hermeneutical Exegesis in Epistemology: The Example of the Magna Carta (Heidelberg: Burgamfelsüberschweinfurtobderrhein Verlag, 1999), 42.
9. William Shakespeare, Richard III (London: Puffish Classics, 2000), I.i.
10. John Lackland, Piers Plowman (London: Puffish Classics, 1996).
Adversity. A time of misfortune or distress. It’s like facing a problem that is super difficult to overcome. Many people think that they have gone through the worst—that they they have faced the most problems. But have they met Henrietta Lacks, Douglas Mawson, and Phineas Gage? Henrietta Lacks, Douglas Mawson, and Phineas Gage are all amazing people who have gone through the worst for the consideration of science. Doctors took healthy cells from Henrietta Lacks without her consent, and they then used them for research to make millions of dollars. Going on a hard, difficult journey was the story of Douglas Mawson; he also lost his only friends and almost died a few times. Phineas Gage’s story is also filled with adversity, in which he had an iron rod shoot through his head while staying conscious. Out of all of these people, however, Phineas Gage endured the most adversity for many reasons.
In The Hobbit, a novel by J.R.R Tolkien, Bilbo Baggins is a hobbit who frowns upon action and adventure. Bilbo is pushed to go on an adventure to help a few dwarves take down a dragon and recover the lost treasure. J.R.R Tolkien develops Bilbo Baggins’ character similar to how a child would mature into an adult. Throughout The Hobbit, Bilbo evolves from a naive, childlike hobbit to an experienced, mature hero.
Democracy is more than merely a system of government. It is a culture – one that promises equal rights and opportunity to all members of society. Democracy can also be viewed as balancing the self-interests of one with the common good of the entire nation. In order to ensure our democratic rights are maintained and this lofty balance remains in tact, measures have been taken to protect the system we pride ourselves upon. There are two sections of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms that were implemented to do just this. Firstly, Section 1, also known as the “reasonable limits clause,” ensures that a citizen cannot legally infringe on another’s democratic rights as given by the Charter. Additionally, Section 33, commonly referred to as the “notwithstanding clause,” gives the government the power to protect our democracy in case a law were to pass that does not violate our Charter rights, but would be undesirable. Professor Kent Roach has written extensively about these sections in his defence of judicial review, and concluded that these sections are conducive to dialogue between the judiciary and the legislature. Furthermore, he established that they encourage democracy. I believe that Professor Roach is correct on both accounts, and in this essay I will outline how sections 1 and 33 do in fact make the Canadian Charter more democratic. After giving a brief summary of judicial review according to Roach, I will delve into the reasonable limits clause and how it is necessary that we place limitations on Charter rights. Following this, I will explain the view Professor Roach and I share on the notwithstanding clause and how it is a vital component of the Charter. To conclude this essay, I will discuss the price at which democr...
murder case showcased racial issues and imbalance, the beating of Rodney King shaped up what was yet to come. Rodney King was an African-American man who was beaten by police officers on March 3, 1991. The white officers who were the cause of King’s beating were eventually found not guilty of any crime against King. “After hearing seven weeks of detailed testimony and studying the 81-second amateur videotape of the beating, the jury concluded that the policeman, all of whom are white, had not broken any laws when they clubbed and kicked the mostly prone motorist, Rodney G. King,” (New York Times). Later that afternoon, the monsters of society were brought out due to anger and a feel of judicial imbalance in regard to the acquittal of the four LAPD officers. Later, the mayor of California declared a state of emergency, which was followed by the Gov. Pete Wilson ordering the National Guard to activate 2,000 reserve soldiers. These riots, of which lasted five days, left more than 50 dead, and more than 2,000
In conclusion, The hero’s journey in The Hobbit explores ideas of strength and courage through Bilbo's journey as he becomes a more lively and valiant through his realizations of who he really is. In the beginning, he wishes nothing more than to sit outside, eat, and smoke. This is drastically different to his personality at the end, courageous and outgoing, which develops through his abyss and numerous challenges. Bilbo’s return to the Shire finds him a better person, a
...of the executive is enhanced at the expense of Parliament, and the power of the judiciary is enhanced at the expense of elected officials, although, the notwithstanding clause continues to provide Parliament with a check on the judiciary.
Queen Elizabeth I notices the growing number of paupers in Great Britain. She and the Parliament had responsibility over these people and tried to figure out what to do. Parliament tried to avoid starvation and are struggling to have the authority over the public. Unfortunately, Great Britain suffered through economic situations. There were inflation of food prices. Prices in grain rose about 70% in the 17th percent. There was famine throughout the land. The workers’, especially the farmers, wages declined about 60%. Unfortunately, there was no source of relief because of the disintegrating feudal system (Boyer). The rest of the population mostly moved to provinces and towns. Only a few of the paupers had the ability to earn their own wages. Parliament sought help from numeral parishes. Although, there were misunderstandings within the paupers wandering place to place with no occupation. An act was issued later for this problem to punish the vagabonds and offer some poor relief. They were usually hanged (Bliss).
In the iconic book “The Hobbit” written by J.R.R. Tolkien the main character Bilbo Baggins goes through an epic quest that changes him from a coward to a hero. He starts out as a regular human or otherwise called a hobbit just living at home. Fate and destiny changed him when he went on the quest with the dwarves. Every hero starts somewhere where they were normal or just a regular human being; something happens to change how they act and want to save citizens. Bilbo definitely isn’t the strongest, bravest, or smartest. He figured out how to cope without the heroic traits and saved the whole party that are on the quest. The thing that helped him the most is when he found this magical ring that turned him invisible. He realized that the monster couldn’t see him so he overcame his fears to save his friends or get out of trouble numerous times. Magic always comes with a price; Bilbo didn’t know that at the time but even though the ring helped him become a better him; it was slowly hurting him from the inside out.
Larkin, ‘Debunking the idea of Parliamentary Sovereignty: The Controlling Factor of Legality in the British Constitution’ (2008) OJLS 709 2, p 61.
Bilbo cleverly eluded Smaug’s temptation, spared the life of foul creature Gollum, and demonstrate courage more and more throughout his journey. These exquisite traits made Bilbo into the revered character that was loved and respected for generations of readers. Throughout the book, Bilbo’s character had changed. At first, he was the ordinary hobbit who described adventures as “Nasty disturbing uncomfortable things” (4) but by the end of his journeys stated to Thorin, “I am glad that I have shared in your perils” (290). Bilbo’s ability to fight evil, make new friends, and to look beyond his maps and books enable him to become a hero. As Gandalf once said at the very beginning, “There is a lot more in him than you guess, and a deal more than he has any idea of himself” (19). Gandalf was right. What appeared to be an uneasy hobbit who fainted at the thought of adventures, turned out to be a brave leader, a compassionate friend, and an inspiring
Throughout the story, Bilbo does through many changes and this changes were big changes in his personality compared to the beginning of the novel. In the beginning of the novel, the first chapters we see Bilbo as a person who would not be considered a hero right away. He ignored to embark an adventure that
The initial downward spiral of Heathcliff’s life was predominantly caused by harsh influences in the environment in which he was raised. Heathcliff, an adopted child, grew up in Wuthering Heights, a desolate and dystopian estate when compared to the beauty of the neighboring Thrushcross Grange. In childhood, Heathcliff displayed evidence of a sympathetic personality through his emotional attachment to Catherine and kind attitude towards Nelly. At the time of Mr. Earnshaw’s death, Nelly describes a scene where, “Miss Cathy had been sick, and that made her still; she
-Common Law: the “law of the land”(Pool 127), which was built up over many centuries
Many people are now more preoccupied with their bodies than other things. Consequently, many men and women are willing to invest their time and money just to exercise their body so as to improve their looks. Most of them are turning to crossfit workout routines which aim at muscle strengthening and conditioning. Here is close look at the crossfit workout and why it may do wonders for you.
In modern society, people take physical appearance quite seriously and will spend vast amount of time and money to transform their bodies. Some people rely surgeries to change themselves, while others spend lots of time in the gym and focus on their nutrition. Bodybuilding focuses on getting the largest muscles, while crossfit is about looking in shape, but not as big. Bodybuilders compete in competitions on how they look and crossfitters compete in physical competitions where they are to complete the workout as fast as possible. Nutrition is very important to crossfitters and bodybuilders. The way they train is also extremely important to them. Crossfit and bodybuilding use different methods to reach their goals.