Machine Tools:-
Machine tools are the machines which are used to provide special shape and form to the material by different machining operations. There are different kinds of machines tools that are available and can be used for different machining operation. In today’s era, productivity and accuracy are the two most important point of concern for any manufacturing industry. There are various natural and human made forms of error that reduces the machine accuracy which led to loss of productivity, efficiency, setup time and loss of money. [1]
The productivity and accuracy of machine tools are significant aspects in aggressive market growth. The effect of geometric errors can be viewed either solely or collectively. Measurement of the
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As we have already discussed that there is always a tradeoff between accuracy and production and from many years it is getting difficult to enrich both quantities simultaneously.
We all have played games of bull’s eye. We try hard to target the bull eye, and after many efforts we will be able to hit the target right, means if we hit it many time, we would achieve a better aim. This is same like accuracy in machine tool and same methodology pertains to machine tool accuracy and precision. In the context of accuracy to machine tools, both the operators and machine tool manufacturer wants the tool to hit the exact target (like bulls eye). There are many standards correction like linear positioning to find out the accuracy and other measurement.
Manufacturer of various machine tool broadly talk about 3 kind of accuracy, they are :
• Unidirectional forward
• Unidirectional reverse
•
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No operator wants to set machine every time to get the best and same result. This is why; measurement of accuracy is a hot topic of research now a days and many processes and methods have been invented to investigate these processes. In this project we are going to talk about the indirect measurement of machines.
In this method, we are going to select different machines and analyze the tools and operations they handle. We will try to perform some operation and build prototypes with these machines. Prototypes would have some measurements already built in MATLAB and specification (like cutting depth, Spindle speed, boring diameter etc.)
After the making of prototype in the machines, we will measure every parameter and relate it with the original prototype that we have made in MATLAB. There would definitely be errors after many attempts. Our aim is then to note that errors and judge how accurate is machine tools after many attempts. Afterwards, we will try to make a plot called “Accuracy map” of these machines tools. Which will indirectly tell you about how accurate are these machines?
Keeping note, we are here trying to find the accuracy of machines which are present in HSRW laboratory not for the machines build by manufacturer and shipped everywhere.
The new era of virtual to real manufacturing is under way which will increase productivity, efficiency and innovation, speed-to-market, and flexibility, resulting in a powerful new cycle of growth and value creation. The advanced manufacturing facilities of today and tomorrow are clean and replete with robots, computers, lasers, and other ultramodern machine technologies for example the most common tools carried on the new auto plants are not wrench or screwdriver instead it’s IPad (Ludwig & Spiegel,
There are many errors that can occur when surveying a piece of land. When calculating measurements, it is very unlikely that any two measurements will ever be the same. There will most likely always be a degree of variance no matter how many different methods and types of equipment are used. In order to reduce the variance, the discrepancies need to be reduced in order to be as accurate
Fabrication at the factory utilizes a mix of robotics and manual labor to produce the body of the V-Rod. Robots that are designed to cut pipe are capable of completing a single operation within 3 seconds. Other fabrication robots utilize 1800 watt lasers that can perform cutting operations at the rate of 100 inches per minute. Where robotics can be used to perform high speed cutting and welding operations, skilled workers are a...
The Da Vinci Surgical system is a robotic machine that allows the surgeon’s hand movement to convert into small precise movements of small instruments. A main concept is precision, which in my own words means to be almost perfect with great persistence. With this topic persistence comes up a lot because legally and socially this system needs to be accurate and precise when performing surgery. It enhances the overall control, precision, and accuracy of the procedure
Anybody and everybody can become an industrial machinery mechanic; especially, those who are passionate about getting their hands plastered in motor oil, grease, and other mechanical lubricants. These people will more than likely be ecstatic about getting into industrial machinery mechanics. They need to be able to put in one hundred ten percent of their effort into becoming an industrial machinery mechanic. An industrial machinery mechanic’s overall objective on the job is to stop a mechanical error before it happens. An industrial machinery mechanics are often caught repairing, maintaining, and fabricating machinery.
This involves relating the current supplied to the motor, motor shaft rotational speed, motor efficiency, and the power factor as a function of the load of the motor, similar to the figure on page 21 of the Lab Manual.
.... Without knowledge of the reliability and validity of these two instruments we are unable to know if the instruments are consistent or if they measure what they intend to measure.
As displayed in Exhibit-1, the five factors John Deere has based their measurements on are quality, delivery, wavelength, technical, and cost. While each of the five factors is necessary, some are quantitative measurements, meaning these involve statistical numbers that can be tracked and standardized, others are based on perception and can be left to the interpretation of the team member conducting the analysis. The composite rating scales appear to be subjective with rating scales that are muddled. Another area for improvement is the delivery rating, while an extremely important area to measure a look at the in-depth reasons why a supplier would be short on deliveries or delayed delivery time should also be looked at, this could give insight as to whether the supplier can meet certain demands. The John Deere team must also look at suppliers from an ethical and sustainable look, this should involve a look at who is supplying the suppliers, where the raw materials originate (Arrington, 2017).
Motion study was mainly used in American Industry. The goal of this study was to eliminate unnecessary effort used in the industry to as low as possible. The improvement of a job task while increasing productivity was the result. The American industrial sector was used because it was expanding during this time and America needed to improve industrial techniques to remain competitive against other countries. Motion study analyzed every detailed in the operation to perform a particular task and determined the method which used the least amount of energy. An example of this research is the assembly of piece used in the production of the braider manufactured by the New England Butt Company (Gilberth 1917). After analysis using motion study there was a three hundred and fifty percent increase in production with no increase in worker fatigue (Gilbreth 1917). The analysis consisted of what is the unit of measure, the difference methods used, and devices needed. All three are needed to be incorporated to obtain a result.
The first and biggest positive impact on engineering has been the use of Computer Numerical Control machines (CNC); computers were first introduced to these controls in the early 1970’s. CNC machines typically replace or work in conjunction with some existing manufacturing process. For example before CNC machines a person using a drill press to machine holes would have to do a lot of work for themselves. They would have to place a drill in the drill chuck is secured in the spindle of the drill press. They can then select the desired speed for rotation, and activate the spindle. Then they manually pull on the quill lever to drive the drill into the work piece being machined. As you can see, there are a lot of manual steps required to use a drill press to drill holes. While this way may be acceptable for a small number of holes or parts. However, as quantities grow, so dose the likelihood for fatigue due to the tediousness of the operation. There are also more complicated machining operations that would require a much higher skill level of the person running the machining tool. The CNC machining center can be programmed to perform this operation in a much more automatic fashion. Everything that the drill press operator was doing manually will now be done by the CNC machine, including: placing the drill in the spindle, activating the spindle, positioning the work piece under the drill, machining the hole, and turning off the spindle. CNC works from a source code made on a computer that you just save as a file on your disk and insert it into the machine. The code can be made using two different ways, the first is just understanding the code, and by using the notepad program on you computer, you can just type it right out. This is the easiest way for very simple process, which doesn’t require much code.
It is essentially a proxy for the continuous torque the machine is capable of producing. Typically a given drill will have its capacity specified for different materials, i.e., 10mm for steel, 25mm for wood, etc. [24]
Confirm that the measurement used to collect the data is valid. Goal is to quantify the equipment/process variation and appraiser variation and the total measurement system variation.
The first industrial robot, built in 1961, was a mechanical arm used to load presses. After the development of the computer and the CNC (Computer Numerical Control) in the 1970?s, the world saw great advances in the development of robotic control and the quality of robot manufacturing. As a result, there has been acceptance of the industrial robot world wide, improving the productivity and quality standards of industry (Hodges 3-5).
The factors, such as global competition, technology improvement and the economic growth force the company to modify its performance measurement system. By only evaluating the performance from accounting information and putting aside the performance process, the manager’s responsibility to increase the value of company cannot be done. Large scale of the business requires the process-oriented measurement, which is suitable for mass customization manufactures, rather than result-oriented.
Is there any technical guarantees of accuracy, reliability, ease of access, and the data security?