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Lycurgus' Economic Reforms The Ancient Brady Bunch
In the ancient Greek writing "Lycurgus", the Spartan king introduces various political, social, and economic reforms that were simple enough to guide the ancient Greeks, but still complex enough to govern entire nations. The intuition and intelligence of Lycurgus, and his ability to communicate with his people at a personal level earned him unquestioned loyalty and fervent love from his subjects. His temperance and wisdom were often tested, but the great king never folded in the heat of battle. All of the aforementioned qualities became evident when Lycurgus introduced his economic reforms.
The socioeconomic structure of ancient Sparta was unbalanced and disproportioned, and because of the social unrest between the citizens of Sparta economic reforms were desperately needed. Plutarch highlights this issue when he says:
For there was an extreme inequality amongst them, and their state was overloaded with a multitude of indigent and necessitous persons, while its whole wealth centered upon a very few. To the end therefore, that he might expel from the state arrogance and envy, luxury and crime, and those yet more inveterate diseases of want and superfluity (Plutarch 9).
The first of Lycurgus's economic reforms was the division of land into thirty-nine thousand equal shares that where to be divided amongst the state and the people. The city received nine thousand shares of land and the remaining thirty thousand were divided equally between the people. The division of land Lycurgus implemented provided enough food and necessities for every family in Sparta, and Plutarch emphasizes this when he says:
It is reported, that, as he returned from a journey shortly after the division of lands, in harvest time the ground being newly reaped, seeing the stacks all standing equal and alike, he smiled, and said to those about him, "Methinks all Laconia looks like one family estate just divided amongst a number of brothers." (Plutarch 10)
The second economic reform initiated by Lycurgus changed the currency of the country from gold and silver to a type of money made out of heavy iron of very little worth. The enormous size and weight of the new currency required a large area of storage space and a great deal of strength in order to remove the money from the storage area. This strategy implied by Lycurgus was brilliant because for the first time having an abundance of money was more of a hassle than a convenience.
Prior, Plutarch accounts for the unequal social framework within Sparta, where tribal leaders owned vast domains of land, in great contrast to the average Spartiate. Furthermore, Hodgkinson suggests the success of social reform in Sparta stems from the redistribution of Messenian land and the Agoge; reinforcing the belief that dissent from this social order would threaten the established hierarchical status of the Spartiates.
In order to escape her wrath, Lycurgus traveled around the Medatrerian, learning about different governments. Throughout his travels, he knew that one day he would return to Sparta. The Spartan people were begging him to come back. The gap between the common people and the kings had gotten worse and there was inequality within the common people as well. Even the kings were not against him coming back. Finally, he did. He took what he learned from the places he visited and made the perfect government. The basis of the government was to create equality and a strong
In the end, both Lycurgus and Solon sought to reform the laws in their powerful country in order to improve its function. While Lycurgus made reforms that can be considered equal since no one was treated better than the other, Solon was more of a neutralist that tried to cover “both sides, allowing neither unjust dominance.” But through of all this, both men left their country to avoid political unrest and people telling them to change the laws that they made.
Xenophon illustrated this very principle in Spartan Society in nearly every example of the greatness of the society is brought up. First, in describing the very ruler, Lycurgus, as wise and, “not copying the other states, but by deciding on an opposite course to the majority that he made his country outstandingly fortunate” (Spartan Society, 166). This statement is in the opening remarks of the writing and lays the foundation of how Xenophon views the Spartans and more clearly their wise leader, Lycurgus. Throughout the rest of the writing Lycurgus is always placed against and superior to the “others” or the nations referred to as “elsewhere.” This does not have specifics of other countries or people groups, but gives a general idea and concept of the ideal society being Sparta. Xenophon says two times in the middle of the work that the views and practices of Lycurgus are opposite of the majority and even the rest of Greece, but then goes to explain their superiority in the following paragraphs (Spartan Society, 173,174). This work goes to show that humanism, idealism, and rationalism all play a heavy part in the development of Xenophon’s Spartan Society, and also in the development of the people of
The main summary of the book is “Plutarch's vivid and engaging portraits of the Spartans and their customs are a major source of our knowledge about the rise and fall of this remarkable Greek city-state between the sixth and third centuries BC.” “Through his Lives of Sparta's leaders and his recording of memorable Spartan Sayings he depicts a people who lived frugally and mastered their emotions in all aspects of life, who also disposed of unhealthy babies in a deep chasm, introduced a gruelling regime of military training for boys, and treated their serfs brutally. Rich in anecdote and detail, Plutarch's writing brings to life the personalities and achievements of Sparta with unparalleled flair and humanity.” This is only a small summary of
In an attempt to promote justice and equality, Lycurgus and Solon fostered political, social, and economic reformations in their cities. Lycurgus instituted elders, redistributed land, made currency worthless, and established common messes. Lycurgus created a strictly equal city. However, it limited Sparta as a whole to advance. On the other hand, Solon works to resolve this problem in Athens by creating fairness for people with different upbringing. Solon allotted political privilege according to wealth instead of lineage, abolished slavery, and wiped the poor’s slate of debt clean. To alleviate social injustice, Lycurgus promoted strict equality while Solon understands socioeconomic inequalities are inevitable and still attempts to even out the playing field so that each person has the agency to advance.
There were a number of key institutions that had a powerful influence on the state of Sparta. Spartan tradition claims that the reorganisation of the state derived from oracles at the sanction of Delphi. Ancient lawgiver Lycurgus is a mysterious character, whose reforms resulted from a Delphic oracle. However, his timeframe has been the subject to debate between the ancient and modern sources, most notably; Aristotle placed the reforms in 776BC . It is today’s view that this legislation evolved between the 7th and 5th centuries, with Lycurgus seen as the ‘mythical figure’ who is the symbol of these reforms. Before Lycurgus’ reforms appear in history, there is evidence for kingship lists in early Sparta, however earlier dates are estimated .
Unlike other Greek city states, women played an integral role in Spartan society as they were the backbone of the Spartan economic system of inheritance and marriage dowry and they were relied upon to fulfill their main responsibility of producing Spartan warrior sons. These principle economic systems affected wealth distribution among Spartan citizens especially among the Spartan elite class. Spartan women led a completely different life than women in most other ancient Greek city states, as they were depended upon to maintain Spartan social systems. In a society where the state is more involved in home life women had freedom of movement and they were permitted to communicate with men who were not their husbands. Women had domestic responsibilities including the maintenance of homes and farms when the men were on campaign, while the typical Greek female responsibilities such as weaving were delegated to slaves. Girls were raised much like Spartan boys as they were made to go through physical training insuring their success in fulfilling their most important role in society, child-bearing. The few primary sources on Sparta and Spartiate women, namely Aristotle, Plutarch, Herodotus and Xenophon were historians who lived after the prominence of ancient Sparta; therefore, the facts regarding the women’s influence in social, economic and political issues must be carefully interpreted and analysed with help from secondary sources.
Sparta became the leading military power within Greece and expanded their territory by conquering Messenia, after which they turned the conquered Messenians into helots (unfree residents who were forced to work the lands of the state), until they rose up in a rebellion, which spurred significant political change for Sparta. All citizens were made legally equal, and Sparta was led by two kings fulfilled the role of military leaders, a council of nobles, and five ephors who were elected by the citizens. The Helots continued to work the land, while Spartan citizens devoted themselves to military training that began at the age of 7. Athens also faced important changes at the time, but reacted much differently than Sparta. The Athenians created a democracy. In 621 B.C.E., Draco published the first law code of the Athenian polis. The code was harsh, but “embodied the idea that the law belonged to all citizens” (McKay, 122) and soon led to reformations more in favor of the common people of Athens, and allowed common citizens to both participate and vote on issues within the government and encouraged all full citizens to participate within the
Athens and Sparta were both city-states in Classical Greece. While Athens embraced democracy, Sparta was a dictatorial fierce warrior state. Sparta was a militaristic community, Athens was a freethinking, and commerce minded city-state. Modern societies have modeled their government organizational structure and military discipline practices from lessons learned of these ancient city-states. There is much is to be praised regarding Classical Greece for their courage, their progressive thinking and the birth of democracy. However, I think it is important to remember that in both cases, Athens and Sparta were able to sustain their lifestyle on the backs of countless slaves, non-citizens and women and that there is a darker and less romantic side to the past.
no longer had communal rights to the land and had to look to the large
In actuality, Socrates created two cities in the Republic. The first city is relatively small in size, with no luxuries. The small population produces enough material to trade and cover the basics of ancient life. However, Glaucon objects to this city and calls it a city fit for pigs (Republic 372d4-5). Socrates then consents to create...
One of these reforms was the establishment of communal messes. When talking about this Plutarch brings in one of his own sources. “Theophrastus says, it was an even greater one to have made wealth undesirable and to have produced ‘non-wealth’ by meals taken in common and by the frugality of the diet” (Lycurgus, 10). It is evident that Plutarch is trying to stay objective but you can still sense a little bit of his appreciation for Spartan society. In Spartan Society, Xenophon portrays communal messes as means of “reducing to a minimum disobedience of orders” (Spartan Society, 5). He also mentions how, “it would be educational for the younger men to benefit from the experience of their elders” (Spartan Society, 5). It is evident that Xenophon is complimenting communal messes and goes further by explaining its affect on the Spartan
“... they cease to raise themselves above their fellow-citizens... people most liable to this… the rich” (Polybius, Histories, 6.9).
Because of the tranquil times, the civilization’s society had more time to focus on writing, math, astronomy, and artistic fields, as well as trade and metallurgy. Out of all the city-states of Greece, two excelled over all the rest, Sparta and Athens. Even though they were the most advanced and strong civilizations, they were bitter enemies. While Athens focused mainly on the people’s democracy and citizen rights, Sparta were ferocious and enslaved its original inhabitants, making them unable to leave and kept under a close eye to prevent insurgence (History of Greece:The Golden Age of Greece). Additionally, Sparta had strict and trained soldiers that underwent intense physical exercising and instruction.