Lung Lab Analysis
Background Information:
Vital capacity is defined as being the maximum amount of air that can be inhaled or exhaled or the maximum tidal volume (Dulson, Fraser, LeDrew, & Vavitsas, 2011). It may be affected individually by or in combination with both physiological and environmental factors. Tidal volume, the volume of air that can be moved in and out with each breath, is affected by similar factors and runs parallel to the trends of vital capacity.
Hypotheses:
If the individual is a male than their average vital lung capacity will be higher than that of a female because males are inherently larger than females, which increases the size of their lungs and therefore their volume. (Bellemare, Jeanneret, & Couture, 2003).
If the
As age increases, vital capacity decreases as seen in Table 1 with Andrea (age 29) has the lowest lung capacity of all the individuals who are all younger than her by 12-13 years. Similar to other systems, the effects of aging on the respiratory system involves the gradual decline of maximum functionality. (Lechtzin, n.d). According to a study by NCBI, the lung finishes maturing by age 20–25, after which follows a progressive decline in lung function. Structural changes include deformities in the chest wall and thoracic spine which leads to impurities in air flow and increases the effort needed to conduct a tidal breath. The lung parenchyma loses its supporting structure causing dilation of air spaces, also known as “senile emphysema”. The strength of respiratory muscles, the diaphragm being a major example, decreases which besides lowering vital capacity directly, also impairs effective coughs, an important airway clearance response. The elastic fibres in the lung gradually decrease as well. Vital capacity depends on the maximum inspiratory pressure, says NCBI which mainly indicates diaphragm muscle strength. A decline in MIP directly correlates with a decline in vital capacity. Additionally, alveolar dead space (the volume of air which is inhaled that does not take part in the gas exchange) increases with age which means that vital capacity is decreased due to the increase in wasteful air which takes up space in the lungs and thoracic cavity (Sharma & Goodwin,
The contraction of the inspiratory muscles increases the volume of the thoracic cavity causing the pressure within the alveoli to decrease and air to flow into the alveoli. During resting inspiration, the diaphragm, the external intercostals and the parasternal intercostals contract to stimulate inspiration. During forced inspiration the scalene and the sternocleidomastoid muscles contract to further expand the thoracic cavity. The pectoralis minor muscles also play a minor role in forced inspiration. During quiet breathing, relaxation of these muscles causes the volume of the thoracic cavity to decrease, resulting in expiration. During a forced expiration, the compression of the chest cavity is increased by contraction of the internal intercostal muscles and various abdominal
Additionally, some of the general diagnostic and pulmonary function tests are distinct in emphysema in comparison to chronic bronchitis. In the case of R.S. the arterial blood gas (ABG) values are the following: pH=7.32, PaCO2= 60mm Hg, PaO2= 50 mm Hg, HCO3- = 80mEq/L. R.S.’s laboratory findings are indicative of chronic bronchitis, where the pH and PaO2 are decreased, whereas PaCO2 and HCO3- are increased, when compare to normal indices. Based on the arterial blood gas evaluation, the physician can deduce that the increased carbon dioxide is due to the airway obstruction displayed by the hypoventilation. Furthermore the excessive mucus production in chronic bronchitis hinders proper oxygenation leading to the hypoxia. On the other hand, in emphysema the arterial blood gas values would include a low to normal PaCO2 and only a slight decrease in PaO2 which tend to occur in the later disease stages.
Ascertaining the adequacy of gaseous exchange is the major purpose of the respiratory assessment. The components of respiratory assessment comprises of rate, rhythm, quality of breathing, degree of effort, cough, skin colour, deformities and mental status (Moore, 2007). RR is a primary indicator among other components that assists health professionals to record the baseline findings of current ventilatory functions and to identify physiological respiratory deterioration. For instance, increased RR (tachypnoea) and tidal volume indicate the body’s attempt to correct hypoxaemia and hypercapnia (Cretikos, Bellomo, Hillman, Chen, Finfer, & Flabouris, 2008). The inclusive use of a respiratory assessment on a patient could lead to numerous potential benefits. Firstly, initial findings of respiratory assessment reveals baseline data of patient’s respiratory functions. Secondly, if the patient is on respiratory medication such as salbutamol and ipratropium bromide, the respiratory assessment enables nurses to measure the effectiveness of medications and patient’s compliance towards those medications (Cretikos, Bellomo, Hillman, Chen, Finfer, & Flabouris, 2008). Thirdly, it facilitates early identification of respiratory complications and it has the potential to reduce the risk of significant clinical
...roduces more blood lactate that it can reabsorb. At this point ventilation increases exponentially. The goal with lactate threshold training is to raise your threshold point to as close as possible to your maximum heart rate, and improve your ability to withstand that discomfort” (Messonnier, 2013). This concept was depicted by the trained participant. As stated in the introduction and discussion sections and depicted throughout the graphs one can conclude that the trained participant was in fact more fit and could consume more oxygen than the untrained participant.
As mentioned above, emphysema affects the alveoli. When you develop emphysema the symptoms may go unnoticed for many years. With emphysema, your alveoli lose their elasticity and that makes it harder for the body to dispel the carbon dioxide. Also, the alveoli will eventually rupture and develop into one larger air sac. (Mayo Clinic)
Cardiovascular Activity And How it Influences the body. Introduction: Cardiovascular fitness is a form of aerobic fitness (Neporent and Egan 1997). There are many different ways of evaluating the amount of oxygen used during cardiovascular fitness and one the methods involved is called VO2 Max. VO2 Max is the maximum amount of oxygen that the body can hold.
Healthy lung tissue is predominately soft, elastic connective tissue, designed to slide easily over the thorax with each breath. The lungs are covered with visceral pleura which glide fluidly over the parietal pleura of the thoracic cavity thanks to the serous secretion of pleural fluid (Marieb, 2006, p. 430). During inhalation, the lungs expand with air, similar to filling a balloon. The pliable latex of the balloon allows it to expand, just as the pliability of lungs and their components allows for expansion. During exhalation, the volume of air decrease causing a deflation, similar to letting air out of the balloon. However, unlike a balloon, the paired lungs are not filled with empty spaces; the bronchi enter the lungs and subdivide progressively smaller into bronchioles, a network of conducting passageways leading to the alveoli (Marieb, 2006, p. 433). Alveoli are small air sacs in the respiratory zone. The respiratory zone also consists of bronchioles and alveolar ducts, and is responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide (Marieb, 2006, p. 433).
The functioning of the chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) is that it has a permanent decrease in the ability to force air out of the lungs. Consequently, it causes emphysema to become a more advanced disease with no cure. Emphysema is known for their permanent enlargement of the alveoli, which are accompanied by the destruction of the alveolar walls. The lungs lose their elasticity, so it loses its ability to recoil passively during expiration. People who have emphysema becomes exhausted fast because they need about fifteen to twenty percent of their body energy to breath which is more than what a healthy person needs. Smoking inhibits and destroys cilia in the conducting zone structures, which is the line of defense for the respiratory system.
The ability to carry out and document a full respiratory and cardiovascular assessment is an essential skill. The severity of illness can be initially evaluated by inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation. During analysis, specific locations of symptoms can be identified using landmarks such as the midaxiallary, midclavicular, and, the midsternal line. Indicate anterior or posterior thorax, and use the midaxillary line location when applicable (Bickley & Szilagyi, 2013).
One of the long-term breathlessness is usually caused by obesity or being unfit. Other is asthma that is not controlled properly. Moreover, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which is not temporarily damage to the lungs usually caused by prolonged of smoking.
COPD is Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and is a major cause of disability. Millions of middle aged-adult and older adults are diagnosed with COPD. “Over the past decades chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has become widespread and is now the fourth leading cause of morbidity and mortality on a worldwide basis” (Hellem, Bruugsgaard, & Bergland, 2012, p. 206). This disease is a progressive disease that makes it hard to breathe. As time goes on the symptoms will get worse. Most people with COPD have both emphysema and chronic bronchitis. With emphysema, the walls between many of the air sacs are damaged which reduces the amount of gas exchange in the lungs. With chronic bronchitis, the lining of the airways is constantly irritated and inflamed. This causes the lining to thicken and thick mucus forms in the airways, which makes it hard to breathe.
pulmonary ventilation - During this process the air is inhaled through the nasal and/or oral cavities. It
Aging occurs in every species. Over time a change occurs on a cellular level in a person’s body, which causes degenerative effects on the brain, muscles, organs, bones, hormones, and DNA. In 1991, the book Evolutionary Biology of Aging, offered the following definition of aging: a persistent decline in the age-specific fitness components of an organism due to internal physiological deterioration.1 Aging affects the body physically and mentally. Many people dread getting older due to the numerous changes the body goes through. The geriatric population experiences many pains and is inflicted with various diseases. There are a few who are lucky enough to not get diagnosed with a life altering disease, such as Alzheimer’s, type II diabetes, high blood pressure, macular degeneration, or some form of cancer. Studies have shown that genetics play a vital role in the aging process.
Changes in volume will be measured at five different temperature levels and compared. A chamber will be constructed using respiring material (peas) and a carbon dioxide absorbing agent. Gas volumes may be influenced by outside factors like air, pressure and temperature. A second chamber used as a control will be used to measure any changes due to air pressure or temp that are out of control. The Procedure:..
of the air spaces and drops the air pressure in the lungs so that air