Topic: What are treatment options for different liver disease?
Introduction
Liver is the most important vascular organ of the body and second largest part of the body after skin. Liver performs various functions of the body such as detoxification, manufacturing of blood cells, bile, hormones, albumin, repair damage cell, combating infection and storage of iron, vitamins and fats. Therefore liver should be free from any injuries and fats because excessive consumption of alcohol, obesity and diabetes are the main causes of different liver diseases. According to recent a report from the Department of Health (2014) in UK that one-in-three children and two-in-three adults are obese and have more potential for liver disease. According to a new statistical report about 6 million of Australians are affected from liver disease (McCaughan 2013). However, different type of approaches should be adopted in order to eradicate different types of liver diseases. A new hormone known as Adiponectin release from adipose tissue but clinical studies on human are not yet performed (Alisi & Nobili 2012). Combination therapy of different drugs also has significant effect on the liver but further research may be required. The main focus of the researchers deals with the efficacy and efficiency of drugs, how they should be improved in order to prevent different liver diseases.
Insulin resistance is the main cause of non-alcoholic liver disease. According to Alisi & Nobili (2012) metformin is mostly use in order to lower down glucose production and increase the glucose uptakes but it also increase ALT level. This is supported by Nadeau et al that metformin significantly helping to overcome liver injuries but the recent clinical trials show some side effect...
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...liver disease after approval from FDA.
In conclusion, liver is vascular organ of body and perform different function. Liver should be free from fats and injuries, different types of drugs are used in liver disease and still some research are going on different drugs and hormones but these researches were performed on limited number of patients because of different side effects and increased mortality rate. More researches and clinical guidelines should be performed on combination therapy of different drugs such as pentoxifylline, vitamin E, steroids and Ursodeoxycholic acid and this will help that how and in which way these drugs should be used in combination in order to prevent liver diseases. The government should provide funds for such types of research work in order to encourage them to eradicate different types of liver diseases.
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Scheen AJ. Antidiabetic agents in subjects with mild dysglycaemia: Prevention or early treatment of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes and Metabolism. 2007;33:3-12.
In 1994, Zhang et al discovered the Ob gene and the hormone leptin1. This brought about the idea that obesity might have genetic-related factors and may not simply involve lack of self-control and overeating in the individual. The Ob gene regulates the amount of body fat storage in the body2. When the Ob gene signals, the hormone leptin is secreted from adipocytes1 and it travels to the hypothalamus in the brain2. This signals the hypothalamus to induce a feeling of satiety2. In other words, leptin secretion causes the stomach to feel full and ceases the necessity for eating. Once this discovery was made, the idea of obesity treatment came into play. If a hormone with satiety-inducing effects can be utilized for treatment then obesity may possibly become a null issue. Unfortunately this is an issue that still stands today – 20 years after the discovery of leptin.
operculum) was reduced to. In a study conducted by A.M. Quetin, electrolyte levels liver toxicity tests and blood sugar levels were shown to be
Metformin is prescribed for long-term treatment of Type II Diabetes Mellitus. It can be used alone or in combination with other drugs for diabetes management as part of a health plan that includes proper diet and exercise. Metformin, which has a low affinity for plasma protein binding, limits glucose production in the hepatic system, lowers absorption of glucose in the intestines and improves insulin sensitivity by enhancing uptake and utilization of glucose (FDA, 2008). This drug does not cause an increase in insulin, making it less likely to cause a patient to become hypoglycemic compared with other common antihyperglycemic medications.
Tuberculosis or TB is an airborn infection caused by inhaled droplets that contain mycobacterium tuberculosis. When infected, the body will initiate a cell-mediated hypersensitivity response which leads to formation of lesion or cavity and positive reaction to tuberculin skin test (Kaufman, 2011). People who have been infected with mycobacteria will have a positive skin test, but only ones who have active TB will show signs and symtoms. Basic signs and symptoms include low grade fever, cough with hemoptysis, and tachypnea. They may also show pleuristic chest pain, dyspnea, progressive weight loss, fatigue and malaise (Porth, 2011).
Obesity is a very complex condition as there are many physiological and psychological dimensions to it. The complications accompanying the disease are multiple and are associated with the increased risk of many other medical conditions. It is thought that we live in an obesogenic environment due to an interaction of environmental, developmental and cultural influences. With the main cause of the disorder thought to be due to a combination of a sedentary lifestyle accompanied by an increased consumption of poor quality food with a high calorie and sugar content. The lack of energy expenditure could be explained by many individuals working a large number of hours, most days of the week in jobs that require minimal physical activity and it is often difficult to accomplish the recommended ...
Hepatitis B is a DNA viral infection that causes damage and inflammation to the liver. It was first discovered in 1965 by Dr. Baruch Blumberg. The HBV virus is very contagious and is even thought to be the most serious form of viral hepatitis and the most common viral infection on Earth. “HBV is 100 times more infectious than HIV.” (Green, 2002, pg. 7) The virus can survive for about one week outside the body on a dry surface. According to Green (2002, pg. 7), “One in twenty Americans has been infected with the virus at some point in their lives.” Between the ages of 15-39 is when 75% of new HBV infections occur, according to Green (2002, pg.8).
Liver disease resulting from alcohol affects more than two million Americans and is one of the primary causes of illness and death. The liver frees the body of harmful substances, such as alcohol. While the liver breaks down alcohol, it produces toxins that can be even more dangerous than the alcohol consumed (“Beyond Hangovers: Understanding Alcohol's Impact Your Health” 13). “These by-products damage liver cells, promote inflammation, and weaken the body’s natural defenses. Eventually, these problems can disrupt the body’s metabolism and impair the function of other organs” (“Beyond Hangovers: Understanding Alcohol's Impact Your Health” 13). A condition called steatosis is the result of fat build up in the liver and is the earliest stage of alcoholic liver disease. This condition causes the liver difficulty breaking down alcohol, potentially resulting in alcoholic hepatitis. Fibrosis of the liver, which is also related to heavy drinking, causes scar tissue to build up in the liver. The alcohol alters chemicals that the liver needs to break down this scar tissue, causing liver dysfunctions. If one does not refrain from drinking during the condition of fibrosis, the scar tissue can build up and create another condition, called cirrhosis. Cirrhosis is deterioration of the liver resulting from heavy scarring, causing the liver to not be able to function properly. If cirrhosis becomes severe, a liver transplant may be the only solution (“Beyond Hangovers: Understanding Alcohol's Impact Your Health” 14). It is difficult to calculate when a person would develop cirrhosis, because an alcoholic could never develop the disease, but someone who social drinks could. It is also unknown why cirrhosis is more prevalent in women (...
Hepatitis A is a usually short acting virus that occurs in humans and monkeys. It is caused by the Hepatovirus and the species is Hepatitis A Virus. There are two major ways in which Hepatitis A can be transmitted. One way is from person to person. This transmission occurs when the fecal matter of an infected person gets ingested by another person. Other ways Hepatitis A can be transmitted from person to person are through direct contact with an infected person, such as sexual contact, and sharing of needles for intravenous drug use. Hepatitis A can also be transmitted through coming in contact with contaminated food or water. Also foods that are uncooked or undercooked and have been contaminated with Hepatitis A can transmit the virus. (Bennett,
Heart disease and obesity goes hand in hand. There is much more of a common occurrence for people who are overweight will more and li...
This case study is about Abdul Chidiac, a 51 year old male, married with 4 children. He had a medical history of hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia and cirrhosis with two admissions in the last six months. He is a smoker and drinks beer, 5-6 bottles per day. As Carithers & McClain (2010) explained the patient’s medical history is another indicator of the risk for cirrhosis; the progression to cirrhosis is adaptable and may take time over weeks or many years. Cirrhosis is a liver disease characterized by permanent scarring of the liver that interferes with its normal functions including alcoholism. Most people who drink large amounts of alcohol cause harm to the liver in some way (Heidelbaugh & Bruderly, 2006). The cause of cirrhosis is not yet known, but the connection between cirrhosis and excessive alcohol ingestion is established (Jenkins & Johnson, 2010). Common causes of cirrhosis include: alcohol abuse, hepatitis B infection, hepatitis C infection and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (Schuppan & Afdhal, 2008).
Tuberculosis or known as TB remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the world, especially in developing countries. A combination of factors including high costs, limited resources and the poor performance of various diagnostic tests make the diagnosis of TB difficult in developing countries. According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2014), one third of the world’s population is infected with tuberculosis. In 2012, nearly nine million people around the world become sick with tuberculosis disease, and there were around one point three million TB related deaths worldwide.
Current research has the hormonal and metabolic effects of these procedures as the central point of view. Such discoveries at the cellular level will help widen the potential machine of weight loss and morbidity reduction beyond the customary justification of reduced food consumption and malabsorption. Bariatric surgery or the weight-loss surgery is an operation performed on abnormally obese people with a body mass index greater than 40 and is a service provided by an inter-disciplinary team – psychiatric, endocrine, rehab, nutritionist, cardiologist, and pulmonologist. Studies have shown that in seriously obese people, having weight loss surgery means they are likely to live longer because of the lower risk of stroke, heart attacks, some types of cancer, and liver diseases. By dividing a person’s weight by the square of his/her height, a body mass index is obtained....
Liver cancer is abnormal cell growth on or within the liver. Liver cancer is either starts in the liver (called primary liver cancer) or it spreads to the liver (called metastatic liver cancer). Metastatic liver cancer is more common in United States and Western Europe, while primary liver cancer is common in third world nations. Liver cancer is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer in the world. In the United States, it affects twice as many men as women; the average diagnosis age for liver cancer is 67.
Tuberculosis is an infection caused by Mycobacterium Tuberculosis, an acid-fast Gram-positive bacillus, and “is characterized by progressive necrosis of the lung tissue” (Tamaro & Lewis, 2005). Tuberculosis is caused by many debilitating conditions like immunosuppression and chronic lung disease, among others. Nevertheless, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the virus that causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), remains the leading cause of tuberculosis worldwide. Tuberculosis can present in one of two types: active tuberculosis and latent tuberculosis. Prompt treatment prevents latent tuberculosis from evolving into active tuberculosis. (“Basic TB Facts,” 2012).